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Bio Exam 3, ACE
powerpoint 6,7,8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Viruses Properties | piece of DNA/RNA enclosed in protein shell (capsid) or membrane envelope. |
| Viruses Not Properties | No cytoplasm or organelles, no plasma membrane, not capable of metabolism and definately not alive |
| Genome | DNA or RNA |
| Capsid | Protein |
| Lytic Replication, step 1 | viral genome enters host cell by binding to protein in cell membrane |
| Lytic Replication, step 2 | viral genome is transcribed, viral proteins produced, can do transcripton and translation using machinery of the host cell |
| Lytic Replication, step 3 | viral genome is replicated |
| Transcripton | replication of viral DNA/RNA |
| Translation | production of protein from mRNA |
| Lytic Replication, step 4 | particles assembly inside host, lysis happena and viral particles are released |
| Lysis | host cell breaks open |
| Organisms | always double stranded, has plasma membrane, can carry out translate independently |
| Organisms metabolic capibilites | Extensive, synthesis of atp, reduced carbon compounds |
| Why can't viruses transcribe independently | transcripton of viral genomes requires use of ATP and nucleotides of host cell |
| Genome | genes with alleles, viruses have them |
| Prokaryote | no nuclear membrane/envelope, no nucleus |
| Eukaryote | have nuclear membrane(have nucleus) |
| Archea usually a monophyletic group with | Eukarya, not bacteria |
| Bacteria and Archea differ | in composition of cell walls and enzyme that makes RNA (RNA polymerase). seperate domains |
| Cyanobacteria, blue green algae | ATP produced via photosynthesis, Co2 molecules synthesized through the calvin cycle, marine, photosynthesic, possibly be able to take up excess carbon dioxide (global warming) |
| Bacteria/Archea benefits | involve in decomposition, cycling of nutrients (turnover of nitrogen and carbon), conversion of Co2 to oxygen |
| Kingdom: Protista | simplest of eukaryotes, have nuclear envelope ad nucleus, not monophyletic group |
| Domain: Eukarya (Eukaryotes) | have organelles and cytoskeleton within the cells |
| Examples of Protist | paramecium, amoeba, zooplankton, plasmodium, slime molds |
| Protists reproduction | can use sexual reproduction but not all, some by fission or budding |
| Protists are very simple form of eukaryote that is not | plants, fungi, animals |
| Protists are mostly | unicelluar, some are multicelluar, usually live in aquatic |
| Ingestive | food particle actively taken. |
| Absorptive | very small food particles or molecules passively pass through cell membrane. |
| Photosynthesis | chloroplasts used to convert sunlight energy and carbon dioxide into sugars |
| Protists often cause | dieases but some dont |
| Protists are important in ____ levels of food chains | lower, capture sunlight, energy via photosynthesis, decomposition |
| Kingdom: Fungi | Eukaryotes but not plants or animals, can be unicelluar and multicelluar, take a long time to reproduce |
| Fungi Characteristics | Some species grow in close association with living plants (mutualistic). Some are parasitic (on plants and animals). Some are free-living and involved in decomposition |
| Fungi are very imporant in | decomposition of wood (lignin and cellulose) |
| Mycorrhizal fungi is beneficial | to plants, grow on plant roots enable plant to better acquire water and minerals from soil. |
| Kingdom: Plantae (Land plants) | eurkaryotic, can undergo photosynthesis, have chlorphyll a and b, cell walls, chloroplasts and beta carotene |
| Transpiration | release of water, plantae kingdom! |
| Green algae evolved in ____ habitats, (__ mya) and plants evolved from _____ (____ mya) | aquatic, 700, algae, 400 |
| Primitive land plants: | non vascular, no xylem or phloem, like moist places. Ex: mosses, hornworts |
| Second major event of evolution | vascular tisse like ferns, then conifers are vascular but have seeds |
| Third major event of evolution | seeds and flowers. Ex: gynomsperms = seeds, angiosperms = flowers and seeds |
| Primitive seedless plants reproduction | sexually, male and female gametes fuse and make zygote but not with seeds |
| Seed plants (gynomsperms and angiosperms) reproduction | produces seed that has embryo(zygote), endosperm for nutrition and seed coat. gynomsperms seeds on cone but not enclosed in cone |
| Angiosperms reproductive | produce flowers which female flowers have ovary inside the carpal of fruit. |
| Alteration of Generations (AOG) | Part of life cycle is in a haploid phase, part is in a diploid phase. There is a haploid “generation” alternating with a “diploid” generation. |
| (AOG) Haploid stage consists of | an individual (gametophyte) in which all cells are haploid. Haploid spores grow into gametophyte which can then produce gametes. |
| Gametophyte | an haploid individual, gametophyte stage is short and small |
| (AOG) Diploid stage | gametes fuse together (fertilization) to produce sporophyte (diploid). this stage produces spores and process repeats |
| When you see ferns, gynomsperms and angiosperms they are | sporophytes (diploid) |
| Gametophyte stages leads to | formation of gametes through sperm and eggs, form zygote/seed, pollen grain in male. seed germinates and becomes the plant (sporophyte), it uses meiosis |
| In primite plants the plant that you see is | in the haploid gametophyte stage |
| Plants often reproduce asexually by | producing stolons and ramets or when stem breaks off and roots itself |
| What helped plants colonize land | waxy covering of leaves of cuticle, stomata (small opening in leaves) |
| Largest taxonomic (number of species) group of plants | angiosperms |
| Deuterostomes | embryonic development first opening becomes the anus,then mouth develops. not as numerous as protosomes but dominate food chains and ecosystems. Ex: starfish and sea urchins (echinodermata), humans (chordata) |
| Four phyla of deuterosomes | 1. Echinodermata ‐ sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars 2. Hemichordata ‐ acorn "worms" 3. Xenoturbellida 4. Chordata (includes vertebrates) |
| Enchinoderm body plan | radial symmetry as adults, bilateral as younger (usually), endoskeleton beneath epidermal layer for protection, extensive water vascular system |
| Phylum Hemichordata | worm like body plan have pharyngeal gill slits like chordata |
| Chordate body plan | 1. pharyngeal gill slits 2. notochord (flexible supportive rod) 3. dorsol hollow nerve cord 4. tail all chordates have coelum, triplobasty (3 tissue layers) and bilateral symmetry |
| Chordatas subphyla | 1.Urochordata (tunicates) 2.Cephalochordata (lancelets) 3.Vertebrata First two dont have a vertebral column |
| During carboniferious era _____ egg | amniotic egg, |
| During devonian era | water to land transition |
| Between silurian and ordovician era | better hinged jaws and teeth |
| Tetrapods | (vertebrates with four limbs) evolved from fish like organism |
| Amniotes | first evolved in reptile ancestor, mammals are considered amniotes |
| Major events leading to mammals | 1.placenta 2.lactation 3.care of offspring 4.endothermy (use metabolism to regulate body temp) |
| Started off with chordata then | vertebrata, mammalia, primates, hominidae, homo, homo sapiens |
| Main features of ALL animals (kingdom: animalia) | eukaryotic (cell w/nucleus, no cell wall, multicellular bodies,"ingest" food,self-powered movement, muscle and nervous tissue (except sponges, Phylum Porifera) |
| Lower to higher simple food chain | autotrophs (plants), consumers (herterotrophs), predators |
| Four features of basic body plan | 1. number of tissue layers in embryo 2.symmetry of body and cephalization 3. presence/absent of body cavity 4. first opening in embryo forms mouth or anus |
| Number of tissue layers in embryos | feauture of basic body plan, 1. none 2.diploblastic (ecto, endo) 3.triploblastic (ecto,meso,endo) |
| Symmetry of body and cephalization | asymmetrical (can't divide), radially symmetric(many planes of symmetry, evolved twice), bilaterally symmetric(single plane of symmetry) cephalization=head or not |
| Presence or absence of body cavity | (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate) |
| Protosome and deuterosomes | first opening in embryo is the mouth and first opening in embryo is anus |
| Ecto, endo, meso tissues mean | ecto= skin,nervous tissue, endo=digestive, meso= muscle, bone, circulatory |
| Evolution of bilateral symmetry | usually def head at one end with organs for sensing enviroment, other end helps efficiently move (exceptions like molluscs). bilateral symmetry makes it easier to find food |
| Acoelomate | organism does not have a cavity (coelom). Ex: Phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Acoelomorpha,and Platyhelminthes |
| Pseudocoelomate | organism has body cavity that forms between endoderm and mesoderm.This condition evolved twice, once in Phylum Rotifera and once in Nematodaindependent of each other |
| Coelomate | organism has true body cavity, forms completely within the mesoderm. evolved early occurs in all "higher" phyla (Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata) |
| Evolution of a true coelom (coelomate condition) | creates a secure place for internal organs, surrounded by mesoderm that develops into muscle and circulatory system that connect with internal(digestive) organs |
| In worm like phyla the coelom can function as | a hydrostatic skeleton |
| Deuterosome is a _____ trait | primitive trait, neither prostomic or deuterosome are more adaptive than other |
| Asexual reproduction occurs in almost every | phyla, even some vertebrates |
| Neither internal or external are | highly evolved |
| Vivaparous | no egg laying, embryo nourished from mom's body, birth to live offspring. Ex: all placental mammals, some fish, some reptiles |
| Oviparous | egg laying, embryo nourished from yolk. Ex: almost all “lower” animals; birds, fish, reptiles, monotreme mammals |
| Ovoviviparous | embryo in mother's body nourished from yolk(not mom blood supply)and live offspring born. Not very common –some fish and some reptiles |
| Viviparity and ovoviviparity must be accompanied by | internal fertilization |
| Metamorphosis | a series of distinct morphological stages in the development from egg to adult. it is more common in "lower" animals, but also amphibians Examples: arthropods and some molluscs. |
| All protostomes have a common | ancestor that was also a protostome, they only evolve once |
| All deuterosomes are | coeloemate, so protostome and deuterosome distinction is independent of the coelom trait |
| Anthropod body plan | segmented body with three distinct regions (head, thorax, abdominan), paired joint limbs, exoskeleton made of chitin and hemocoel body cavity |
| Mollusca body plan | three distinct parts 1.foot 2.mantle(secretes cell) 3.visceral mass. mantle absent in some species like octopuses. molluscs do not have limbs |
| Classes of Molluscs | Gastropoda-snails. Cephalopoda-octopuses, squid, etc. (have a head). Bivalvia-clams, scallops, mussels, oysters. Polyplacophora-chitons. |
| Classes of Anthropoda | Insecta. Myriapoda(centipedes, millipedes). Chelicerata(Arachnida, spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions). Crustacea(crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, isopods) |
| Bivalvias are | suspension feeders (filter feeders) through gills (eat particles in water like small animal, protist or detrius) |
| Siphons | tubes formed at edge of mantle |
| Bivalvia Reproduction | only sexual reproduction, excreted into water made into trochophore larvae then metamorphosize into a veliger |
| Radula | teeth like thing to eat, gastropods and molluscs have it |
| In cephalopoda | have seperate sexes, when male accepted then deposits sperm in a spermatophore. then fertilized internally and comes out as eggs |
| Myriapods | millipedes, centipedes who have short segments with one or two pair of legs on each. sperm packets |
| Chelicerata | spiders, scorpions, ticks, etc. no antennae but has chelicera used for everything. |
| Crustaceans | body plan= cephlathorax, abdomin, many have carapace (platelike that covers cephalothorax). mouth parts are called mandibles |
| Crustaceans Reproduction | larval stage is usually called nauplius, they make eggs |
| Deposit feeders | eat their way through substrate |
| Holometabolous, Hemimetabolis | looks different from adult form, looks like a nymph/small version of adult |
| Coelom | an internal, usually fluid filled, body cavity that is lined with mesoderm |
Created by:
athames
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