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Resp.system LAB
the respiratory system LAB
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiratory System | is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide, this occurs through respiration |
| Pulmonary Ventilation | the tide-like movement of air into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the alveoli are continuously changed and refreshed which is simply called ventilation or breathing; inspiration and respiration |
| External Respiration | gas exchange between blood and air filled chambers of the lungs (oxygen loading/carbon dioxide unloading) |
| Transport of Respiratory gases | the transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and tissue cells of the body accomplished by the cardiovascular system, using blood as the transport vehicle |
| Internal Respiration | is exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells (oxygen unloading and carbon dioxide loading) |
| What structures are the microscopic air sacs for gas exchange | Alveoli |
| glotis | the opening between vocal cords |
| cricoid cartilage | the most inferior cartilage |
| Nose | *cleans, moistens, and warms the incoming air *composed of bone and elastic cartilage |
| Nasal Cavity | *function-cleans, moistens and warms the incoming air. *it houses olfactory cells *epithelium- PCCEWGC |
| Pharnyx | function- connects the nasal cavity to the larynx *AKA-throat *divided in three sections, nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| nasopharynx | localization- posterior to the nasal cavity *tonsils:pharyngeal (adenoids) and tubal *epithelium: PCCEWGC |
| Oropharynx | localization: posterior to the oral cavity *tonsils: lingual and palatine *epithelium: Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Laryngopharynx | Localization: posterior to the epiglottis *Epithelium: stratified squamous epithelium |
| Larynx | *function: connects the pharynx to the trachea, and it is involved in voice production AKA-voice box epiglottis and elastic fibers epithelium:stratified squamous epithelium(above glottis) PCCEWGC (below glottis) |
| Trachea | *Function: provides a path from air coming from the larynx on its way to the lungs AKA- windpipe tracheal wall composed of four layers: mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia *cartilage layer responsible for keeping trachea open durin resp. |
| Bronchi | These arise from trachea as primary(main)bronchi *these branch again to the secondary(lobar)bronchi.3 on right and 2 on left. *secondary give rise to tertiary(segmental)bronchi *bronchi divide 40x more w/in lungs to bronchioles *Epithelium- PCCEWGC |
| Bronchioles | Epithelium- Terminal and respiratory bronchioles:Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Alveoli | Their epithelia are made of two types of cells: Pneumocytes type I (squamous cells) and Pneumocytes type II (cuboidal cells). The latter secrete surfactant, which reduces surface tension in lungs |
| Lungs | left lung is smaller than right. its also divided in two lovees (superior and inferior) by oblique fissure *right lung divided in 3 lobes (superior, middle & inferior) by horizontal &oblique fissures |
| Lungs part 2 | *made of elastic connective tissue *involved in two circulations: the pulmonary and bronchial *covered by serous membrane called pleura |
| Respiratory membrane | made of the epithelial layers of the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries as well as their fused basal laminae |
| Innervation | parasympathetic innervations causes bronchoconstriction and sympathetic innervations causes bronchodilation |
| Respiration | consists of four layers: *Pulmonary ventilations(includes inspiration and expiration) *external respiration *transport of gases *internal respiration |
| what is the pressure inside the lungs/alveoli called? | intrapulmonary or intralveolar pressure. this pressure can be above or below atmospheric pressure, but eventually it will be equal to atmospheric pressure |
| what is the pressure inside the pleural cavity called? | intrapleural pressure. this pressureis always lower than the intrapulmonary pressure |
| Boyle's law | P1V1=P2V2 if the temp or PH acidity increases then it will be easier for oxygen to detach from hemoglobin |
| Passive Inspiration | is an active process. the muscles involved in this process are: diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles |
| forced inspiration | is an active process. the muscles involved in this process are: sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, and pectoralis minors |
| passive expiration | is a passive process. no muscles are involved |
| forced expiration | is an active process. the muscles involved in this process are: rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, internal and external obliques and internal intercostals |
| Transport of gases: a.Oxygen: b.Carbon dioxide: | a. attached to hemoglobin and dissolved in plasma. factors that affect oxygen attachment to hemoglobin: PCO2, pH, and temperature b. Carbon Dioxide: dissolved in plasma, attached to hemoglobin as the bicarbonate ion |
| the amount of ________ in blood is the main driving force, either directly or indirectly that stimulates respiration | carbon dioxide |
| which parts of the pharynx serve as passageways for air and food? | oropharynx and laryngopharynx |
| epiglottis | partially covers the opening of the larnyx during swallowing; made of elastic cartilage. everything else is hyaline cartilage |
| when the diaphragm contracts, the size of the thoracic cavity ______? | decreases |
| the ribs are raised by the contraction of what muscle? | diaphragm |
| the substance that acts to reduce the tendency for the alveoli to collapse is? | surfactant |
| what can the abdominal muscles do? | force the diaphragm to move higher than normal by contraction |
| VC | the maximum volume a person can exhale after taking the deepest possible breath |
| ERV | amount of air remaining in the lungs following exhalation of the Tidal Volume |
| alkilosis | a condition caused by hypoventilation |
| acidosis | a condition caused by hyperventilation |
| carbonic anhydrase | the enzyme in RBC's that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid |
| what is the type of epithelium that is found in most of the respiratory system structures? | PCCEWGC |
| inflammation of the nasal mucosa? | rhinitis |
Created by:
dmlee91
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