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1st Quarter ES
Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hypothesis | a testable answer to some question |
| Scientific Method | an agreeable process in which a problem is identified, data is gathered, and a hypothesis is tested |
| Independent Variable | a variable that is deliberately changed by yourself |
| Dependent Variable | a variable that is observed and that changes in response to the manipulated variable |
| Controlled Variable | variables that remain the same in all experiments |
| Qualitative | using your senses and feelings to determine an experiment |
| Quantitative | using math and numbers to determine an experiment |
| Raw Data | unprocessed data |
| Evolution | organisms adapting to the environment over time |
| Revolution | when we have a complete change in thought based on new information |
| Objectivity | observe without prejudism or favortism |
| Empirism | very good evidence |
| Rationalism | thinking things through |
| Skepticism | doubt |
| Steps of Scientific Method | Step 1: Observation Step 2: Hypothesis Step 3: Prediction Step 4: Experiment Step 5: Analysis |
| Astronomy | study of outerspace and planets |
| Meterology | study of wheather patterns |
| Geology | study of rock layers and things inside |
| Oceanography | study of the living and nonliving things in the oocean |
| Origin of Solar System | the colapse of the dust cloud that condensed into planets |
| Origin of Oceans | heat evaporated water from earth materials and released them by precipitation to form oceans |
| Origin of Atmosphere | volcanoes released gasses into the air and formed the atmosphere |
| Origin of Continents | either gravitational force moved the continents around or lava from volcanoes expanded land |
| Biosphere | all life circling the earth |
| Atmosphere | all atoms circling the earth |
| Lithosphere | all rock and earth circling the earth |
| Cryosphere | all ice circling the earth |
| Asthenosphere | the crumpled earth that forms a crust around the mantle from lava pushing rock together |
| Inner Core | the inner most section of the earth |
| Outer Core | the section of the earth that surrounds the inner core |
| Mantle | the section of the earth that surrounds the outer core |
| Crust | the outer most section of the earth |
| Polar Molecules | when two molecules bond with opposite ends that have opposite charges |
| Cohesion | when two alike molecules bond, like water bonding with water |
| Adhesion | when a molecule attatches to a different substance, like water attatching to plant cell walls |
| Surface Tension | when a substance attaches to a surface and is hard to break |
| Kinetic Energy | energy of motion |
| Heat | a measure of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion |
| Temperature | measures intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy of molecules |
| Celsius | a measure of temperature using Celsius degrees |
| Calorie | the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius (cal) |
| Kilocalorie | the calories of food packages, where 1 kcal = 1000 cal (kcal) |
| Joule | another unit of energy where 1J = 0.239cal or 1cal = 4.184J (J) |
| Specific Heat | the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius |
| Heat of Vaporation | the heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas |
| Evaporate Cooling | a process when a liquid evaporates and its remaining surface cools |
| Solution | the product of a solvent and a solute |
| Solvent | the substance that is dissolving another substance |
| Solute | the substance that is being dissolved by another substance |
| Aqueous Solution | a solution in which water is the solvent |
| Hydrophilic | a substance that has an affinity for water |
| Hydrophobic | a substance that does not have an affinity for water |
| Colloid | a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid (milk) |
| Molecular Mass | the sum of all masses of protons and neutrons in a nucleus |
| Mole | a measurement measuring the amount of molecules, where 1mol = 6.02 × 10^23 (mol) |
| Molarity | the amount of moles of solute per liter of a solution (M) |
| Hydronium Ion | a molecule that has a positive carge because it has an extra proton (H3O but sometimes represented as H+) |
| Hydrogen Ion | a hydrogen atom that has a positive charge because it left its electron behind to another molecule (H+) |
| Hydroxide Ion | a molecule that looses a proton to another molecule (OH-) |
| pH Scale | a way of expressing the strength of acids and bases (potential Hydrogen) |
| Acid | any substance that has high concentrations of H+ and low concentrations of OH- |
| Base | any substance that has high concentrations of OH- and low concentrations of H+ |
| Buffer | a substance that minimizes changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution |
| Acid Precipitation | rain, snow, or fog with a pH of less than 5.6 |
| Properties of Water | 1. Cohesive behavior 2. Ability to moderate temperature 3. Expansion upon freezing 4. Versitality as a solvent |
| Matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| Volume | the amount of space an object takes up |
| Density | how much mass is in a given space |
| Acid + Base = | salt |
Created by:
rosearade
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