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biology chapter 5
| question | answer |
|---|---|
| made first compound microscope | Hans and zacharais janssen |
| father of microschopy-given credit for first microscope-rist to see blood cells, bacteria, yeast-sketched living things in pond water | anton van leeuwenoek |
| englishmen- 1st to identify cells-looked at slices of stems, wood, and cork-named cell after living quarters of monks | Robert hooke |
| scottish scientist- first to identify the nucleus in cells | robert brown |
| german scientists-recognized all plants are made of cells | matthias schleidan |
| german scientist- recognized that all animals are made of cells | theodor schwann |
| german scientist-all cells arise from division of pre-existing cells | rudolph virchow |
| the basic unit of structure and function in living things | cells |
| study of cells | cytology |
| what is the cell theory? | 1. all things are composed of cells..2.cells are the basic units of structure and the function in living things..3. all cells come from pre-existing cells |
| what are the 2 categories of organisms? | prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| organisms whose cells lack a nucleus (bacteria and its relatives)- no membrane bound organelles- dohave nucleic material, DNA-usually small and unicellular. | prokaryotes |
| organisms whose cells contain nuclei- unicellular and multicellular-humans | eukaryotes |
| meand before | pro |
| means true | eu |
| means nucleus | karyon |
| what are the 2 basic structures of plant and animal cells | cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm |
| outer boundary of cell | cell membrane |
| control center of the cell | nucleus |
| material between cell membrane and the nucleus | cytoplasm |
| separates cells from their surroundings-protective barrier- regulates what enters and what leaves the cell- aids and supports the cell- seals off cell from its outside environment- takes in food and water, eliminates waste- communicates with other cells | cell membrane |
| made of layers of protein, lipids, water molecules, carbohydrates, etc. | cell membrane |
| found only in plant cells | cell wall |
| lies outside the cell membrane-protects and supports- porous- H2O, O2, CO2 and other substances pass through easily- made of two or more layers | cell wall |
| outer most layer of the plant cells- developes where 2 cells meet | primary cell wall |
| gluey substance that holds cells together-rigid byt capable of stretching and contracting | pectin |
| makes up the cell wall- a fibrous material that makes wall elastic and stretchy | cellulose |
| thicker than primary cell wall-made of celluloseand lignin | secondary cell wall |
| makes cellulose more rigid | lignin |
| contains DNA-chromosome material found here- not all cells have one | nucleus |
| found inside the nucleus-can have more than one in the nucleus-dark units are rich in RNA and proteins | nucleolus |
| 2 membranes that surround nucleus-forms a boundary with dozens of nuclear pores in which molecules move in and out | nuclear envelope |
| large structures of DNA and proteins that contain genetic material that must be passed to each new generation of cells | chromosomes |
| jelly like material that occupies the space in cell not taken up by the nucleus | cytoplasm |
| cytoplasm contains small structures called ___ | organelles |
| tiny stuctures that perform specialized functions in the cell. | organelles |
| change the chemical energy sotred in food into compounds that are more convienient for cell use- located in the cytoplasm-releases energy called ATP for the cell. -powerhouse of the cell- igar shaped and has a double membrane | mitochondria |
| ATP | adenosine tiphosphate |
| surrounds the organelle | outer membrane |
| many folds that increase the surface area of the mitochondria | inner membrane |
| found in plant cells and algae-a plastid containing chlorophyll, and is a small moveable structure- traps the energy of sunlight and conerts it into chemical energy | chloroplast |
| any specialized structure for storage of pigments and or food | plastid |
| the many stacks of dark colored membranes which trap light energy of photosynthesis | grana |
| liquid found in the chloropast makes glucose as a result of photosynthesis | stroma |
| protein factories-structures in which proteins are made- composed of RNA and protein-some granuels are attached o endoplasmic retuculums, others are found in the cytoplasm-smalled of organelles | ribosomes |
| a net like system of canals that transports certain proteins through the inside of the cell | endoplasmic reticulum |
| what are two types of endoplasmic reticulums? | smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| wals of sac look smooth, not studded with ribosomes-special chemicals and enzymes are stored in it | smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| ribosomes stuck to surface, gives it a rough appearance- involved in synthesis of proteins. | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| stacks of folded and refolded membranes which function in the storage and secretion of cellular chemicals for such things as membrane repair-it modifies, collects, packages, and distributes molecules made at one location in the cell and used at another | golgi apparatus |
| cleanup crews formed by the golgi apparatus- found only in animal cells-organelle that contains chemicals and enzymes that break down large molecules brought into the cell-digest non-functioning organelles- removes junk that accumulates in the cell- | lysosomes |
| plant cells lack these | lysosomes |
| function in the division of animal cells, found in animal cells only | centrioles |
| storage tanks | vacuoles and plastides |
| sac like structers that store materials such as water, salt, proteins and carbohydrates- plant cells have a single one-animals have several | vacoles |
| plant organelles that take many forms such as chloroplast-some store food and pigments | plastides |
| store starch granuels | leukoplasts |
| sotre pigment molecules | chromoplasts |
| gives shape to cell- frame work of cell-composed of a variety of filaments and fibers that support the cell structure and allow cell movement | cytoskeleton |
| what are the 2 main parts of the cytoskeleton? | microtubules and microfilaments |
| hollow tubes made of protein, kinked together as bridges-supports cell shape-moves organelles through cell | microtubules |
| long thin fibers that function in movement and support-allow movement of cytoplasm in cell (cytoplasmic streaming) | microfilaments |
| process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration | diffusion |
| what are the factors that determine whether diffusion occurs across a membrane? | equalibrium, permeability, and impermeable |
| occurs when the concentration of the substances on both sides of the membrane are the same | equalibrium |
| ability of a substance to move across a membrane | permeability |
| membrane that does not allow a substance to move through | impermeable |
| membrane that allows some substances to move through and does not allow other substances through (most common cell membrane) | selectively permeable |
| the diffusion of water through a slectively permeable membrane from an area of greater concentration of water to an area of lesser concentration of water until equilibruim occurs | osmosis |
| force exerted by osmosis-can cause problems for cells | osmotic pressure |
| too much water causes cell to burst | lyse |
| too little water causes cell to shrink and wrinkle up | crenation |
| major antibiotic drug-depends on osmosis for killing action-inhibits an enzyme that many bacteria produce, weakens cell wall and bacerium busts under rush of water | penecilin |
| osmosis and diffusion are forms of it and across the cell membrane because energy is not needed for these processes | passive transport |
| diffusion across a cell membrane assisted by carrier molecules that increase permeability | facilitated diffusion |
| energy requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane | active transport |
| what are the 2 types of active transport? | membrane associated pumps that requirew chemical energy... movement of cell membrane (endocytosis) |
| engulfing of a solid particle by a cell | phagocytosis |
| engulfing of a liquid particle by a cell | pinocytosis |
| process where material is expelled from a cell | exocytosis |
| pumps water out of cell (found in unicellular organism) | contractile vacuole |
| different cells do different functions depending on where they are located in organisms *important in multicellular organisms | cell specialization |
| what are the examples of cell specializations? | pancreas,eyes, and lungs. |
| we see because these cells are sensitive to light | eyes |
| cells that line lungs release a mixture of water, carbohydrates, and salts | mucus |
| under layer of mucis are cells that have____ hair like structures that sweep lung passageways. | cilia |
| what are the levels of organization (ladder of life) | cells-tissues-organs-organ system-organisms |
| groups of simular cells that perform simular functions. | tissues |
| what are the 4 types of tissues | muscle, epithelial, nerve, and connective |
| groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function ex. heart, lungs, bone, and eyes | organs |
| group of organs that work together to perform a specific function ex. digestive, skeletal, nervous, respiratory | organ systems |
| how many organ systems are in the human body | 10 |
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kabbydubya13
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