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Biology Chapter 3
Stack #48319
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Structure of amino acids. | An amino acid is always a carbon attached to a hydrogen, and two functionaal groups (amino and carboxyl), and one other thing. |
| Biological molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. | Hydrocarbons |
| A long molecule built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits. | A polymer (also called a polypeptide) |
| A covalent bond that links two amino acids. | A peptide bond |
| A protein is composed of one of more long chains, or polypeptides, composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. | (blank) |
| The 6 levels of protein structure. | Primary, Secondary, Motifs, Tertiary, Domains, and Quaternary. |
| The 7 functions of proteins. | Enzyme catalysis, Defense, Transport, Support, Motion, Regulation, Storage |
| A protein is a polymer containing a combination of up to 20 different kinds of amino acids. The amino acids fall into 5 chemical classes, each with different properties. These properties determine the nature of the resulting protein. | (blank) |
| FONCl | phone call - the highly electronegative (greedy) elements |
| The 5 chemical classes of amino acids. | Nonpolar, Polar uncharged, Charged, Aromatic, Special function |
| Protein structure can be viewed at six levels: (1) the amino acid sequence, or primary structure; (2) coils and sheets, called secondary structure; (3) folds or creases, called motifs; (4) the three0dimensional shape, called tertiary structure; | (5) functional units, called domains; and (6) individual polypeptide subunits associated in a quaternary structure. |
| When two or more polypeptide chains associate to form a functional protein, the individual chains are referred to as - of the protein. | subunits |
| Protein structure can be viewed at six levels: (1) the amino acid sequence, or primary structure; (2) coils and sheets, called secondary structure; (3) folds or creases, called mortifs; (4) the three-dimensional shape, called tertiary structure; | (5) functional units, called domains; and (6) individual polypeptide subunits associated ina quaternary structure. |
| When two or more polypeptide chains associate to form a functional protein, the individual chains are referred to as - of the protein. | subunits |
| - help newly produced proteins fold properly. | Chaperone proteins |
| If a protein's envioronment is altered, the protein may change its shape or even unfold in a process called - | denaturation. |
| The reversible resolution or decomposition of a complex substance into simpler constituents caused by variation in physical conditions. | dissociation |
| Every globular protein has a narrow range of conditions in which it folds properly; outside that range, proteins tend to unfold. | (blank) |
| The - structure of the protein determines its - structure. | primary, tertiary |
| The two varieties of nucleic acids. | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| Nucleic acids are long polymers of repeating subunits called - | nucleotides. |
| A chain of 5-carbon sugars linked together by phosphodiester bonds with an organic base protruding from each sugar. | Nucleic acids |
| The two types of organic bases which occur in nucleotides. | Purines and pyrimidines |
| The two types of purines (which are organic nitrogenous bases) | adenine and guanine |
| The three types of pyramidines (which are organic nitrogenous bases) | Cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
| The nitrogenous bases which are found in DNA | adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine |
| The nitrogenous bases which are found in RNA | adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil |
| The nucleotide subunits of DNA and RNA are made up of three elements: | a 5-carbon sugar, an organic nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. |
| A nucleic acid is a long chain of 5-carbon sugars with an organic base protruding from each sugar. | (blank) |
| DNA is a double-stranded helix that stores hereditary information as a specific sequence of nucleotide bases. | RNA is a single-stranded molecule that transcribes this information to a direct protein synthesis. |
| DNA forms a double helix, uses deoxyribise as the sugar in its sugar-phosphate backbone, and utilizes thymine amone its nitrogenous bases. | RNA is usually single-stranded, uses ribose as the sugar in its sugar-phosphate backbone, and utilizes uracil in place of thymine. |
| The 3 types of lipids | Steroids, Fat, and Phospholipids |
| A phospholipid is a composite molicule, made up of these three kinds of subunits: | glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate group. |
| Because C-H bonds in lipids are very nonpolar, they are not water-soluble, and aggregate together in water. This kind of aggregation by phospholipids forms biological membranes. | (blank) |
| A glycerol molecule to which is attached three fatty acids, one to each carbon of the glycerol backbone. | Fats (which are nonpolar) |
| A fat molecule is called a - or -, becuase it contains three fatty acids. | triglyceride, triacylglycerol |
| If all the internal carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains are bonded to at least two hydrogen atoms, the fatty acid is said to be - | saturated (because it contains the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms) |
| If a fatty acid has double bonds between one or more pairs of successive carbon atoms, the fatty acid is said to be - | unsaturated. |
| If a fatty acid has more than one double bond, it is said to be - | polyunsaturated. |
| Cells contain a variety of different lipids, in addition to membrane phospholipids, that play many important roles in cell metabolism. | (blank) |
| Fats are efficient energy-storage molecules because of their high concentration of C-H bonds. | (blank) |
| A loosely defined group of molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and exygen in the molar ration 1:2:1 | Carbohydrates |
| The simplest of the carbohydrates, containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms | monosaccharides (simple sugars) |
| The basic monomer of carbohydrates | glucose |
| Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond (double sugars) | disaccharides |
| Macromolecules made up of monosaccharide subunits | Polysaccharides |
| 6-carbon monosaccharides (sugars) | isomers |
| Two types of isomers | Structural isomers and sterioisomers |
| Table sugar | sucrose |
| Milk sugar | lactose |
| Plant polysaccharides fromed from glucose | starches |
| The animal version of starch | glycogen |
| Starches are glucose polymers. Most starches are branched, rendering the polymer insoluble. | (blank) |
| The chief component of plant cell walls | cellulose |
| Structural carbohydrates are chains of sugars that are not easily digested. they include cellulose in plants and chitin in arthropods and fungi. | (blank) |
Created by:
melodious88