Biology Chapter 3 Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
Structure of amino acids.	An amino acid is always a carbon attached to a hydrogen, and two functionaal groups (amino and carboxyl), and one other thing.
Biological molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.	Hydrocarbons
A long molecule built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits.	A polymer (also called a polypeptide)
A covalent bond that links two amino acids.	A peptide bond
A protein is composed of one of more long chains, or polypeptides, composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.	(blank)
The 6 levels of protein structure.	Primary, Secondary, Motifs, Tertiary, Domains, and Quaternary.
The 7 functions of proteins.	Enzyme catalysis, Defense, Transport, Support, Motion, Regulation, Storage
A protein is a polymer containing a combination of up to 20 different kinds of amino acids. The amino acids fall into 5 chemical classes, each with different properties. These properties determine the nature of the resulting protein.	(blank)
FONCl	phone call - the highly electronegative (greedy) elements
The 5 chemical classes of amino acids.	Nonpolar, Polar uncharged, Charged, Aromatic, Special function
Protein structure can be viewed at six levels: (1) the amino acid sequence, or primary structure; (2) coils and sheets, called secondary structure; (3) folds or creases, called motifs; (4) the three0dimensional shape, called tertiary structure;	(5) functional units, called domains; and (6) individual polypeptide subunits associated in a quaternary structure.
When two or more polypeptide chains associate to form a functional protein, the individual chains are referred to as - of the protein.	subunits
Protein structure can be viewed at six levels: (1) the amino acid sequence, or primary structure; (2) coils and sheets, called secondary structure; (3) folds or creases, called mortifs; (4) the three-dimensional shape, called tertiary structure;	(5) functional units, called domains; and (6) individual polypeptide subunits associated ina quaternary structure.
When two or more polypeptide chains associate to form a functional protein, the individual chains are referred to as - of the protein.	subunits
- help newly produced proteins fold properly.	Chaperone proteins
If a protein's envioronment is altered, the protein may change its shape or even unfold in a process called -	denaturation.
The reversible resolution or decomposition of a complex substance into simpler constituents caused by variation in physical conditions.	dissociation
Every globular protein has a narrow range of conditions in which it folds properly; outside that range, proteins tend to unfold.	(blank)
The - structure of the protein determines its - structure.	primary, tertiary
The two varieties of nucleic acids.	deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Nucleic acids are long polymers of repeating subunits called -	nucleotides.
A chain of 5-carbon sugars linked together by phosphodiester bonds with an organic base protruding from each sugar.	Nucleic acids
The two types of organic bases which occur in nucleotides.	Purines and pyrimidines
The two types of purines (which are organic nitrogenous bases)	adenine and guanine
The three types of pyramidines (which are organic nitrogenous bases)	Cytosine, thymine, and uracil
The nitrogenous bases which are found in DNA	adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
The nitrogenous bases which are found in RNA	adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
The nucleotide subunits of DNA and RNA are made up of three elements:	a 5-carbon sugar, an organic nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
A nucleic acid is a long chain of 5-carbon sugars with an organic base protruding from each sugar.	(blank)
DNA is a double-stranded helix that stores hereditary information as a specific sequence of nucleotide bases.	RNA is a single-stranded molecule that transcribes this information to a direct protein synthesis.
DNA forms a double helix, uses deoxyribise as the sugar in its sugar-phosphate backbone, and utilizes thymine amone its nitrogenous bases.	RNA is usually single-stranded, uses ribose as the sugar in its sugar-phosphate backbone, and utilizes uracil in place of thymine.
The 3 types of lipids	Steroids, Fat, and Phospholipids
A phospholipid is a composite molicule, made up of these three kinds of subunits:	glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate group.
Because C-H bonds in lipids are very nonpolar, they are not water-soluble, and aggregate together in water. This kind of aggregation by phospholipids forms biological membranes.	(blank)
A glycerol molecule to which is attached three fatty acids, one to each carbon of the glycerol backbone.	Fats (which are nonpolar)
A fat molecule is called a - or -, becuase it contains three fatty acids.	triglyceride, triacylglycerol
If all the internal carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains are bonded to at least two hydrogen atoms, the fatty acid is said to be -	saturated (because it contains the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms)
If a fatty acid has double bonds between one or more pairs of successive carbon atoms, the fatty acid is said to be -	unsaturated.
If a fatty acid has more than one double bond, it is said to be -	polyunsaturated.
Cells contain a variety of different lipids, in addition to membrane phospholipids, that play many important roles in cell metabolism.	(blank)
Fats are efficient energy-storage molecules because of their high concentration of C-H bonds.	(blank)
A loosely defined group of molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and exygen in the molar ration 1:2:1	Carbohydrates
The simplest of the carbohydrates, containing 3 to 6 carbon atoms	monosaccharides (simple sugars)
The basic monomer of carbohydrates	glucose
Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond (double sugars)	disaccharides
Macromolecules made up of monosaccharide subunits	Polysaccharides
6-carbon monosaccharides (sugars)	isomers
Two types of isomers	Structural isomers and sterioisomers
Table sugar	sucrose
Milk sugar	lactose
Plant polysaccharides fromed from glucose	starches
The animal version of starch	glycogen
Starches are glucose polymers. Most starches are branched, rendering the polymer insoluble.	(blank)
The chief component of plant cell walls	cellulose
Structural carbohydrates are chains of sugars that are not easily digested. they include cellulose in plants and chitin in arthropods and fungi.	(blank)

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