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Bio 22 chp 9
medical micro chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biotechnology: | -The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product. --Foods, antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes |
| Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology: | Insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins |
| Vector: | Self-replicating DNA used to carry the desired gene to a new cell |
| Clone: | Population of cells arising from one cell, each carries the new gene |
| Selection: | Culture a naturally occurring microbe that produces desired product |
| Mutation: | Mutagens cause mutations that might result in a microbe with a desirable trait |
| Site-directed mutagenesis: | -Site-directed mutagenesis: Change a specific DNA code to change a protein |
| Selection and Mutation (final step) | Select and culture microbe with the desired mutation |
| Restriction Enzymes | -Cut specific sequences of DNA -Destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells -Cannot digest (host) DNA with methylated cytosines |
| Naming restrictive enzymes | 1st letter of genus + 1st and 2nd letter of eppithet --example Escherichia coli = Eco |
| Vectors | -Carry new DNA to desired cell -Shuttle vectors can exist in several different species -Plasmids and viruses can be used as vectors |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | -To make multiple copies of a piece of DNA enzymatically -Used to --Clone DNA for recombination --Amplify DNA to detectable levels --Sequence DNA --Diagnose genetic disease --Detect pathogens |
| Inserting Foreign DNA into Cells (part A) | -DNA can be inserted into a cell by --Electroporation --Transformation --Protoplast fusion |
| Inserting Foreign DNA into Cells (part B) | -DNA can be inserted into a cell by --Gene gun --Microinjection |
| Obtaining DNA -Genomic libraries: | Genomic libraries are made of pieces of an entire genome stored in plasmids or phages |
| Obtaining DNA -Complementary DNA (cDNA) | Complementary DNA (cDNA) is made from mRNA by reverse transcriptase |
| Obtaining DNA -Synthetic DNA | Synthetic DNA is made by a DNA synthesis machine |
| Making a Product - why E. coli | -Used because it is easily grown and its genomics are known -Need to eliminate endotoxin from products -Cells must be lysed to get product |
| Making a Product -Saccharomyces cerevisiae | -Used because it is easily grown and its genomics are known -May express eukaryotic genes easily |
| Making a Product -Mammalian cells | -May express eukaryotic genes easily -Harder to grow |
| Making a Product -Plant cells and whole plants | -May express eukaryotic genes easily -Plants easily grown |
| Therapeutic Applications | -Human enzymes and other proteins -Subunit vaccines -Nonpathogenic viruses carrying genes for pathogen's antigens as DNA vaccines -Gene therapy to replace defective or missing genes |
| The Human Genome Project | -Nucleotides have been sequenced -Human Proteome Project may provide diagnostics and treatments --Reverse genetics: Block a gene to determine its function |
| Scientific Applications | -Understanding DNA -Sequencing organisms' genomes -DNA fingerprinting for identification |
| Forensic Microbiology (Part 1) | PCR Primer for a specific organism will cause application if that organism is present |
| Forensic Microbiology (Part 2) -Real-time PCR: -Reverse-transcription (RT-PCR): | -Real-time PCR: Newly made DNA tagged with a fluorescent dye; the levels of fluorescence can be measured after every PCR cycle -Reverse-transcription (RT-PCR): Reverse transcriptase makes DNA from viral RNA or mRNA |
| Nanotechnology | Bacteria can make molecule-sized particles |
| Using Agrobacterium | -Bt toxin -Herbicide resistance -Suppression of genes --Antisense DNA -Nutrition -Human proteins |
| Safety Issues and Ethics of Using rDNA | -Avoid accidental release -Genetically modified crops must be safe for consumption and for the environment -Who will have access to an individual's genetic information? |
Created by:
xsavier1
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