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Bio 22 chp 8

medical micro chapter 8

QuestionAnswer
Regulation -Constitutive genes are expressed at a fixed rate -Other genes are expressed only as needed --Repressible genes --Inducible genes --Catabolite repression
Mutation -A change in the genetic material -Mutations may be neutral, beneficial, or harmful -Mutagen: Agent that causes mutations -Spontaneous mutations: Occur in the absence of a mutagen
Mutation -Base substitution (point mutation) -Missense mutation -Change in one base -Result in change in amino acid
Mutation -Nonsense mutation Results in a nonsense codon
Mutation -Frameshift mutation -Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs
Radiation (Ionizing radiation) -Ionizing radiation (X rays and gamma rays) causes the formation of ions that can react with nucleotides and the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone
Radiation (UV radiation) -UV radiation causes thymine dimers
Repair (Photolyases)& ??? -Photolyases separate thymine dimers -Nucleotide excision repair
Selection -Positive (direct) selection -Negative (indirect) selection -Positive (direct) selection detects mutant cells because they grow or appear different -Negative (indirect) selection detects mutant cells because they do not grow Replica plating
Genetic Recombination -Vertical gene transfer: -Horizontal gene transfer: -Vertical gene transfer: Occurs during reproduction between generations of cells. -Horizontal gene transfer: The transfer of genes between cells of the same generation.
Genetic Recombination -Exchange of genes between two DNA molecules --Crossing over occurs when two chromosomes break and rejoin
Plasmids -Conjugative plasmid: -Dissimilation plasmids: -R factors: -Conjugative plasmid: Carries genes for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid -Dissimilation plasmids: Encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds -R factors: Encode antibiotic resistance
Transposons -Segments of DNA that can move from one region of DNA to another -Contain insertion sequences for cutting and resealing DNA (transposase) -Complex transposons carry other genes
Created by: xsavier1
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