Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Resp.System ch.22
the Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| some functions for the Respiratory system are: | -it provides extensive area for gas exchange -it moves air to and from respiratory surfaces -protects respiratory surfaces from dessication temperature changes, other environmental changes |
| What defends itself and other tissues from pathogens and permits communication through sound production (sing, speak..)? | the Respiratory System |
| 4 processes of Respiratory System | 1. ventilation-breathing air in and out 2. external respiration 3. transport of gases 4. internal respiration |
| ventilation | breathing (get air in and out) |
| External Respiration | conversion of deoxygenated blood to oxygenated (gas exchange between blood and alveoli) |
| Transport of gases | movement to and from lungs and body |
| Internal respiration | conversion of oxygenated blood to deoxygenated blood (exchange between blood and tissues cells) |
| parts of the system that air merely passes through (no exchange) | conducting zone |
| locations where gas is exchanged | respiratory zone |
| a non respiratory air movement | Valsalva's Maneuver |
| alveolar-capillary membrane cells | 1. squamous pulmonary apithelium (type 1 cells) 2. capillary endothelium 3.thin basal lamina 4. cuboidal type II 5. alveolar macrophages |
| thin basal lamina | epithelial basement membrane=fused |
| cuboidal type II | interspersed among type 1 cells (also called septal cells) *produce surfactant -reduces surface tension of H2O -keeps alveoli from collapsing -problem with many premee babies lacks production of surfactant |
| alveolar macrophages | dust cells; defends against inhaled dust, bacteria, fungi etc. swept up passively by ciliary action in upper regions->to pharynx(swallowed) |
| what keeps lungs from collapsing? | intrapulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure |
| intrapulmonary pressure | within the aveoli; equalizes with atmosphere |
| intrapleural pressure | within the pleural cavity; always negative(lower) relative to intrapulmonary |
| why would the lungs naturally collapse? | because lungs tend to recoil; surface tension of aveoli |
| what does the naturally elasticity of the chest wall do? | pulls out lungs |
| what does pleural fluid do? | it holds visceral and parietal pleura tightly together transpulmonary pressure-pressure difference between the 2 |
| the pressure on a gas varies inversely with the volume of its container (explains ventilation;air in and out) *gases flow from areas of higher to lower pressure | Boyle's Law |
| mechanism of inspiration: | increase lung volume=decrease of pressure |
| -active process | involving muscle contraction |
| parts of mechanism inspiration( air goes in) | 1. contraction of respiratory muscles 2. diaphragm(contracted) 3. ribs pull upward ,sternum pushes forward |
| contraction of respiratory muscles | diaphragm and external intercostals |
| diaphragm (contracted) | flattens out/ lowers increases cavity diameter vertically |
| ribs pull upward toward; sternum pushes forward | increase anterior to posterior diameter increase volume in lung cavity, decrease pressure (inside=758 mmHg) (atmospheric=760 mmHg) |
| expiration mechanism= passive | relax muscles that were contracted decrease thoracic cavity volume=increase pressure (763 mmHg) air goes out |
| how can generally passive (expiration) be active? | if forceful; contract internal intercostals and abdominals |
| physical forces that affect ventilation | 1. respiratory passage resistance 2. lung compliance and elasticity 3. alveolar tension forces |
| Respiratory Passage Resistance | friction encountered in passageways -smaller passages=greater resistance |
| Lung Compliance and elasticity | destensibility (stretch and recoil) depends partly on flexibility of thoracic cage and lungs |
| alveolar tension forces | surfactant prevents collapse |
| Non respiratory air movements | 1. sneezing 2. coughing 3. hiccuping 4. yawning 5. crying 6. laughing 7. Valsalva's Maneuver |
| Dalton's law of partial pressures | the pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases is directly proportional to its percentage in the total gas mixture. -each gas has its own pressure,independent of others in mixture |
| total atmospheric pressure | 760 mmHg |
| percentage of gases in air | N2-78.6% O2-20.9% CO2-0.04% H2O-up to 5% |
| what happens at high altitudes? | the total atmospheric pressure is lower but the % of O2 in the air is the same= lower pressure of O2 |
| Henry's Law | gases in a mixture will dissolve in liquids they come in contact with, in proportion to their partial pressures. |
| The greater the concentration of a particular gas in the gas phase..what happens? | the more that gas will dissolve (go into solution) in the liquid |
| Not all gases are equally soluble; solubility of gases is tied to temperature | true |
| The soluability of gases _______ with increase temperature (solubility) | decreases |
| The solubility of gases ________ with increase partial pressure | increases |
| CO2 is about 20x more soluble than which gas? | O2 |
| 3 factors that influence movement of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membrane: | 1. partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities 2. physical characteristics (thickness/surface are of the membrane) 3. ventilation- perfusion coupling (matching blood flow to O2 levels) |
| External Respiration | exchange of O2 and CO2 between aveoli of lungs and the blood capillaries (conversion of deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood) |
| pulmonary blood (deoxygenated blood) | increase of PCO2 > PO2 |
| pulmonary air (oxygenated blood) | PO2 > PCO2 |
| PO2 in pulmonary blood (deoxygenated) | 40 mmHg |
| PO2 in alveolar air ( in lungs) | 104 mmHg |
| in external respiration steep partial pressure gradient | O2 from alveoli (140) -> into blood (40) |
| in external respiration equilibrium is reached in about | 0.25 sec |
| in external respiration CO2 diffuses into the opposite direction from blood into.. | the alveoli |
| in external respiration PCO2 in pulmonary is about 45 mmHg blood(deox) | true |
| in external respiration PCO2 in ______ is about 40 mmHg | alveolar air |
| in external respiration the gradient is much less steep than O2, but the is reached at around what time? | the same time; ie gas movement is equal |
| Internal Respiration | conversion of oxygenated blood to deoxygenated blood HHb+O2 -> <- HbO2 + H+ association/dissociation of O2 and Hb |
| in internal respiration each heme group can bind how many molecules of O2? | 1 molecule of O2 |
| in internal respiration there are 4 molecules of O2 per how many Hb molecules? | per 1 Hb molecule |
| O2 transport | on Hb= 98.5% dissolved in plasma= 1.5% |
| O2 interactions with Hb in partial pressure of O2: | -high PO2= Hb has a strong affinity for O2 |
| O2 interactions with Hb in temperature | increase temperature, decreases Hb's affinity for O2 |
| O2 interactions with Hb in pH | decrease pH weakens the bond between Hb and O2 (Bohr effect) -due to the carbonic acid and lactic acid production |
| O2 interactions with Hb in high partial pressure CO2 | weakens affinity of Hb for O2 |
| O2 interactions with Hb; BPG | intermediate metabolic of rbc's(anaerobic) binds to Hb, forcing O2 off increase levels of BPG and decrease Hb's affinity for O2 |
| What do these hormones do? Testosterone GH thyroxine epinephrine norepinephrine | increase metabolic rate of rbc's increase BPG (weakens Hb's affinity to O2 |
| high PO2 | strengthens |
| High PCO2 | weakens |
| low pH | weakens |
| what is nitric oxide | a vasodilator; associated with endothelium of pulmonary vessel |
| hemoglobin | a vasoconstrictor (NO scavenger) facilitates O2 loading in lungs |
| Inadequate delivery of O2 to tissues | 1. anemic hypoxia 2. ischemic hypoxia 3. histotoxic hypoxia 4. hypoxic hypoxia |
| anemic hypoxia | low iron; low rbc's decrease ability to deliver O2 |
| ischemic hypoxia | blood circulation is impaired or blocked e.g congestive heart failure |
| histotoxic hypoxia | cellular poison; body cells are unable to use O2 but it is delivered |
| hypoxic hypoxia | reduction in O2 delivery to tissues because of lowered arterial PO2 (carbon monoxide poisoning) |
| three methods of CO2 transport | 1. dissolved in plasma (7-10%) 2. bound to Hb (on globin portion, not heme group) 20-30% 3. as bicarbonate ion in plasma (60-70%) |
| in plasma CO2 transport will happen how? | all by itself but slow -no enzyme- |
| in rbc's CO2 transport will happen how? | 1000x faster carbonic anhydrase |
| in CO2 transport what do free H+ do? | doesn't drop pH too much under resting conditions because they bind to the Hb (HHb)-the Hb acts as a buffer(chemical system picks up hydrogen ions) |
| in CO2 transport (bicarbonate ion)..? | diffuse out of rbc's (into plasma) to the lungs |
| in CO2 transport Cl- moves into..? | rbc's to balance loss of (-) ions= chloride shift |
| in CO2 transport alveoli must free CO2 from its? | bicarbonate housing |
| in CO2 transport CO2 diffuse out of plasma and into what? | into alveoli |
| in CO2 transport H+ leaves Hb and HCO3 reenters rbc's; what happens to the Cl- ? | the Cl- leave again making it the chloride shift |
| in CO2 transport HCO3 join H+ and becomes? | carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
| in CO2 transport carbonic acid (H2CO3) is split by | carbonic anhydrase-> CO2 and H2O |
| in CO2 transport after the split by carbonic anhydrase what happens? | CO2 diffuses into alveoli and is exhaled |
| Haldane Effect | lower PO2 means that more CO2 can be carried in the blood: -more CO2 can join Hb -more bicarbonate ions can be formed |
| Bohr effect | lowered pH weakens the Hb- O2 bond |
| Medulla | (2 respiratory areas) in respiratory rhythmically center a) inspiratory area b) expiratory area |
| inspiratory area | sends impulses to inspiratory muscles |
| expiratory area | quiescent under normal conditions; only kicks in under forceful condition |
| Pons a) pneumotoxic area b) apneustic area | a) sends impulses that inhibit inspiration (prevents overfilling; hering-breur reflex) b)stimulates inspiration |
| hypothalamus | irregular breathing that can't be controlled crying laughing cold pain fear |
| cortex | Irregular breathing that can be controlled swimming diving speaking singing |
| Serious Respiratory Disorders | 1. COPD 2. asthma 3. TB (tuberculosis) 4. Lung cancer |
| COPD | Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases a. emphysema b. chronic bronchitis both highly associated with smoking |
| Asthma | active inflammation of airways followed by bronchospasm |
| TB (tuberculosis) | infectious bacterial disease; slow growing; treated by antibiotics; causes many deaths in HIV- infected persons; when symptomatic quite communicable |
| Lung Cancer | 90% associated with smoking; low care rate (~7%); metastasizes rapidly and aggressively |
Created by:
dmlee91
Popular Biology sets