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Ch.13 REVIEW
Patterns of Inheritance Test Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The differences between human kind can be contributed partly to genetics and partly as a results of __________________ | Environmental Factors |
| Every living creature is a product of the long __________________ | Evolutionary History |
| The classical assumption, __________________, states that species were thought to have been maintained without significant change from the time of their creation | Constancy of Species |
| The classical assumption, __________________, states that any variation is passed directly from parents to offspring | Direct Transmission of Traits |
| Another assumption related to the direct transmission of traits is that characters from the mother and father __________________ in the offspring | Blend |
| Red hair is an example of a __________________ genetic trait, because it's inherited from both parents | Recessive |
| Crossing two very different (opposite) strains of a species | Hybridization |
| __________________ carried out successful hybridization of different strains of tobacco | Josef Koelreuter |
| A heritable feature | Character |
| Random "separation" of traits during meiosis | Segregation |
| __________________ crossed was one of the first to study inheritance in garden peas, but failed to record the numbers necessary to prove his theories. | T. A. Knight |
| Early geneticists demonstrated that some forms of an inherited character can __________________ in one generation only to show up in another. | Disappear |
| Early geneticists demonstrated that some forms of an inherited character are more likely to be __________________ than their alternatives | Represented |
| The first quantitative studies of inheritance were carried out by __________________ | Gregor Mendel |
| Mendel's results would ultimately change our views of __________________ irrevocably | Heredity |
| Mendel first allowed his garden peas to __________________; that is, go about the process without intervention | Self-fertilize |
| Mendel removed the male parts from some flowers so that he could __________________, or control which plants pollinate | Cross-fertilization |
| The first generation in a cross is referred to as the __________________ generation | First Filial |
| A trait that is always expressed if present | Dominant |
| A trait that is only expressed when the "stronger version" is not present | Recessive |
| The characteristic 3:1 ratio is referred to as the __________________ | Mendelian Ratio |
| Alternative forms of a character | Alleles |
| Offspring with the same alleles for a single trait | Homozygous |
| Offspring with different alleles coding for a single trait | Heterozygous |
| Composed of a particular DNA nucleotide sequence | Gene |
| Particular location of a gene on a chromosome | Locus |
| Totality of alleles that an individual contains | Genotype |
| Physical appearance of an organisms genes | Phenotype |
| A recessive trait which is expressed as a lack of melanin pigmentation | Albinism |
| A recessive trait which is expressed as an abnormal gland secretion leading to liver degeneration and lung failure | Cystic Fibrosis |
| A recessive trait which is expressed as the inability to form blood clots | Hemophilia |
| A dominant trait which is expressed in middle age with a degeneration of nervous system | Huntingon's Disease |
| A dominant trait which is expressed as extra fingers and toes | Polydactyly |
| Simple diagram which aids in visualizing the possibilities in a genetic cross | Punnett Square |
| States that the alignment of chromosomes on the metaphase plate is random | Mendel's Law of Segregation |
| A procedure used to determine the genotype of an unknown individual by crossing it with a known individual | Testcross |
| Having two sets of chromosomes | Diploid |
| Having one set of chromosomes | Haploid |
| The frequency of any particular possibility | Probability |
| An individual heterozygous for two genes | Dihybrid |
| States that genes assort independently of one another because they are located on different chromosomes | Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment |
| Many genes that act sequentially or jointly | Polygenes |
| Gradation caused by many genes controlling one trait, like height or weight | Continuous Variation |
| A __________________ approximates a bell-shaped cure and the variation of a specific trait can be visualized | Histogram |
| A __________________ allele is one which has more than one effect on the phenotype | Pleiotropic |
| The degree to which an allele is expressed may depend on the __________________ | Environment |
| Some alleles are __________________; like the fur color of the arctic fox. | Heat-sensitive |
| An experimental ratio which doesn't match Mendel's ratio due to phenomenon like epistasis | Modified Ratio |
| A gene which inferes with the expression of another gene | Epistasis |
| Random changes in genes | Mutations |
| When a detrimental allele occurs at a significant frequency in a population it introduces a __________________ | Genetic Disorder |
| The __________________ allele produces the disease by encoding a nonfunctional form of the enzyme hexosaminidase A | Tay-Sachs |
| Someone who has the allele which codes for a disease but does not express the diease | Carrier |
| When no single allele is dominant, but rather each has it's own effect | Codominant |
| Landsteiner blood groups are also known as the __________________ | ABO Blood Groups |
| Set of cell surface markers on human RBCs which was described first in a group of monkeys | Rh Blood Groups |
| Fatal condition caused when a mother's blood cell markers recognize the fetus' blood as "foreign" and destroys it | Erythroblastosis Fetalis |
| The most famous instance of hemophilia is the form that arose in one of the parents of __________________ | Queen Victoria of England |
| Family __________________ can reveal the mode of inheritance of a hereditary trait | Pedigree |
| __________________ is caused by a single-nucleotide change in the gene for hemoglobin producing a protein which causes cells to clump together | Sickle Cell Anemia |
| A recessive genetic disorder which is expressed by the brain failing to develop in infancy | Phenylketonuria |
| A sex-linked recessive disorder which is expressed as the progressive wasting of muscles | Muscular Dystrophy |
| First formulated by Walter Sutton to explain that genes were transferred to offspring via chromosomes | Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance |
| Differs strikingly from normal individuals | Mutant |
| The __________________ is common only to human males and most probably carries the characteristics of "maleness" | Y Chromosome |
| A trait that is determined by a gene on the X chromosome | Sex-Linked |
| Crossing over creates new combination of genes, and is thus a form of __________________ | Genetic Recombination |
| __________________ suggested that crossing of chromatids reflected a switch in chromosomal arms between the paternal and maternal homologues. | Janssens |
| Measures the distance between genes in terms of the frequency of recombination | Genetic Map |
| Genetic map unit | Centimorgan |
| Genes that are located on the same chromosome | Syntenic Genes |
| A cross involving three linked genes | Three-Point Genes |
| Sequencing of the entire human genome | Human Genome Project |
| Measures the distance between genes in terms of frequency of recombination | Genetic Map |
| Genetic map unit | Centimorgan |
| Three or more genes located on the same chromosome | Syntenic |
| Genes close enough together that they do not segregate independently | Linked |
| A cross involving three linked genes | Three-Point Cross |
| A project which aimed to sequence the entire human genome | Human Genome Project |
| 22 perfectly matched in both males and females | Autosomes |
| A specific gene on the Y chromosome known as __________________ plays a key role in development of male sexual characteristics | SRY |
| Inactivated X chromosome | Barr Body |
| Failure of chromatids or homologues to separate during meiosis | Primary Nondisjunction |
| Humans who have lost one copy of an autosome | Monosomic |
| Humans who have an extra copy of an autosome | Trisomic |
| Trisomy 21 | Down Syndrome |
| Primary nondisjunctions are far more common in __________________ | Women |
| A pregnancy which has a significant possibility of transferring a serious genetic disorder | High-Risk Pregnancy |
| Less invasive procedure for genetic screening which samples cells from the chorion | Chorionic Villi Sampling |
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SavannahElkins
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