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test two review
photo. the working cell and how cells harvest chemical energy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| fluid mosaic | fluid in the membrane that can drift about and mosaic because it has diverse protein molecules embedded within the phospholipids |
| Selective Permeability | allowing some substances to cross more easily than others |
| diffusion | movement of particles from where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated |
| Passive transport | the diffusion of molecules across a cell's membrane. no energy is used and movement is down a concentration gradient |
| Aquaporin | a type of transport protein that speeds up the movement of water molecules across the cell membrane |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of water molecules across a membrane from a region where there's a high concentration of water molecules(low concentration of solutes) to a region with a low concentration of water molecules(high concentration of solutes) |
| Tonicity | the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water |
| Isotonic | a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the cell. The cell will therefore not gain or lose water |
| Hypertonic | a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell. The cell will lose water and shrivel |
| Hypotonic | a solution that has a lower concentration solutes that the cell. An animal cell will gain water and burst while a plant cell will gian water and become turgid. Plant cells do not burst due to the rigid cell wall. |
| Osmoregulation | the control of water balance by an arganism to prevent excessive intake or excessive loss of water in a hypotonic or hypertonic environment |
| Active Transport | the use of energy to move a substance across the cell membrane toward the side where the substance is more concentrated. Movement is up or against the concentration gradient |
| Exocytosis | the process by which cells export bulky substances across the membrane. transport vesicles fuse and become part of the membrane therefore increasing the membrane size |
| Endocytosis | the process by which cells import bulky supstances into the cell. The cell membrane pinches inward and forms and transport vesicle therefore reducing the membrane size |
| Pinocytosis | type of endocytosis in which cell takes in droplets of fluid. Also known as cellular drinking |
| Phagocytosis | type of endocytosis in which the cell takes in solid particles. Also known as cellular eating |
| Receptor mediated endocytosis | type of endocytosis in which specific substances bind onto receptor proteins on the membrane to initiate/enable their intake |
| Cellular respiration | a chemical process that uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in fuel molecules such as food to form of chemical energy that the cell can use to perform work |
| Exergonic reaction | a chemical reaction that releases energy |
| Endogonic reaction | a chemical reaction in which energy is stored |
| Phosphorylation | the addition of a phospate group to an organic molecule |
| Energy of Activation | The amount of energy needed to push reactants over an energy barrier. An energy barrier must be overcome before a chemical reaction can begin. |
| Enzymes | a protein that functions as a biological catalyst increasing the rate of chemical reaction without being consumed |
| substrate | a specific reactant that enzymes act on |
| Active site | a region on the surface of an enzyme into which a substrate fits |
| Competitive inhibitor | a chemical that interferes with an enzyme's activity by occupying the active site and therefore blocking the entry of substrates into the active site |
| Non competitive inhibitor | a chemical that inhibits an enzyme's activity by binding to the enzyme somewhere eles changing the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer fits the substrate |
| feedback inhibition | a type of inhibition in which an enzyme's activity is blocked by one of the products of the metabolic pathway |
| redox reaction | stands for reduction oxidation reactions. It involves the movement of electrons form one molecule to another |
| Oxidation | the removal or loss of electrons or hydrogen |
| reduction | the addition or gaining of electrons or hydrogen |
| Autotrophs | organisms that make their own food. They do not depend on energy from other organic sources |
| photoautotrophs | organisms that make their own food using the energy of light |
| Mesophyll | leaf tissue that is specialized for photosynthesis cells in the mesophyll have a high concentration of chloroplasts |
| Stomata | openings in plant leaves through which oxygen is released and carbondioxide is taken in |
| photorespiration | the process in which plants fix oxygen forming a two-carbon compound which is then broken down by the cell to CO2 and H2O. No sugar or ATP is produce. |
| photophosphorylation | the chemiosmotic production of ATP in which the initial energy input is light energy |
| oxidative phosphorylation | the chemiosmotic production of ATP in which the final electron acceptor is oxygen |
| subtrate-level phosphorylation | the production of ATP through the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly to ADP |
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