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Nervous System 2
Nervous system
| Term | Description |
|---|---|
| threshold & stimulation | Stimulus needed for an action potential |
| Summation | several stimuli needed to reach action potential |
| Resting potential | difference in charge between 2 sides of membrane |
| sensory nerves | carry info to brain |
| motor nerves | carry info away from brain |
| myelin sheath | coating of myelin, covers myelin layers |
| Schwann cells | neuroglial cell in PNS; insulates and increases speed of impulse |
| PNS | peripheal nervous system; consists of all nerves outside brain and spinal cord; cranial and spinal nerves, effectors |
| diencephalon | thalamus and hypothalamus |
| occipital lobe | posterior lobe; vision and intrepretation of what is seen |
| thalamus | main relay ctr for incoming sensory info; goes to cerebral cortex; desending fibers pass thru; crude awareness of pain, touch, temperature |
| temporal lobe | below lateral sulcus; hearing and understanding of what is heard |
| cerebral cortex | outer surface of brain; "conscious brain", composed of nerve cell bodies and dentrites, gray matter |
| white matter | inner portion of brain; made up of lg. groups of axons |
| meninges | dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater |
| brainstem | midbrain; pons and medulla oblongata |
| ventricles | 4 interconnected spaces within brain; contain csf |
| csf | enters subarachnoid space, surrounds brain and spinal cord; cushiions and supports brain/spinal cord |
| sensory areas of cerebral cortes | postcentral gyrus; stimulus travels up ascending tract, crosses over at medulla oblongata, up to sensory cortex |
| cranial nerves | OLd OPie OCcasionally TRies TRIGonometry, And Feels Very GLOomy, VAgue, And HYPOacitive |
| olfactory | smell |
| optic | vision |
| oculomotor | eye movement |
| trochlear | eye movement |
| trigeminal | mastication and sensory to face |
| abducens | eye movement |
| facial | facial expression and taste |
| vestibulocochlear | hearing and balance |
| glossopharyngeal | taste,swallowing, and salivation |
| vagus | heart rate, Hcl secretion, and peristalsis |
| accessory | motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius |
| hypoglossal | tongue movement |
| neurons | sends impulses to other neurons outside CNS; react ot changes in environment and body; stuctural/functional unit of nervous system |
| mixed nerves | spinal;31 pair; 8,12,5,5,1; sensory and motor |
| lobes of cerebrum | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula |
| midbrain | part of brainstem; connects thalamus and pons; tracts ascend/descend from cortex pass through |
| frontal lobe | in front of central sulcus; voluntary movement, speech, and personality |
| hypothalamus | critical for homeostatic mechanisms: heart rate, bp, hunger and thirst, sleep and wakefulness |
| parietal lobe | just behind central sulcus; sensation, understanding speech |
| unipolar neuron | one process, two branches; PNS |
| multipolar neurons | many dentrites, one axon; CNS |
| nodes of ranvier | gaps in myelin sheath between schwann cells; action potentials jump over |
| characteristics of neurons | longevity, amiotic, require continous oxygen |
| CNS nerve cells | neurons, neuroglial |
| neuroglial cells | astrocytes, schawnn, microglia, ependyma, and satellite |
| CNS | brain and spinal cord |
| neurotransmitters | stored in synaptic vesicles; epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and acetychloline |
| motor areas of cerebral cortex | precentral gyrus and frontal lobe; down corticospinal tract, cross to lateral corticospinal tract, to synaptic bulb, thru anterior horn of spinal cord, synapses with motor neuron, thru ventral root |
| bipolar neurons | cell body- one dentrite, one axon; eyes, nose, and ears |
| microglia | phagocytize bacteria and cell debris |
| oligodendrocytes | form myelin |
| spinal cord | continuation of brainstem; contained in vertebral foramen |
| make up of spinal cord | cental core-gray matter; surrounded by tracts of white matter |
| structures of spinal cord | spinal nerve, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, posterior horns, anterior horns, ventral root, white/gray matter |
| spinal nerve | carry impulses in/out spinal cord |
| dorsal root | carry sensory info. into spinal cord |
| dorsal root ganglion | cell bodies of sensory neurons |
| posterior horns | contain interneurons |
| anterior horns | contain cell bodies of motor neurons |
| ventral root | carries impulses to skeletal muscles |
| white matter | bundles of axons; carry impulses to/from brain |
| gray matter | collection of nerve cell bodies |
| autonomic nervous system | involuntary; parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| parasympathetic | body at rest; slow heart rate, digestion |
| sympathetic | frightened or upset; increases heart rate, slows digestion |
| steps of knee jerk reflex | blow to patellar ligament, stretch receptor in quadriceps muscle and tendon,sensory impulse thru dorsal root in spinal cord, stimulates motor neuron impulse, travels to quadriceps muscle (effector), muscle contracts slightly |
| satellite cells | help maintain chemical environment surrounding neurons; associated with Schwann cells |
| ependyma | line ventricles of brain |
| voltage | measure of charge difference between 2 points; use a volt meter, display on oscilloscope |
| polarized cell membrane | electrically charged; unequal distribution of ions- outside membrane compared to inside membrane |
| ganglia | cluster of cell bodies in PNS |
| synapse | junction between 2 neurons |
| synaptic cleft | space between 2 neurons |
| presynaptic neuron | brings impulse |
| postsynaptic neuron | receives impulse |
| nuclei of nervous system | cell bodies in CNS |
| functions of nervous system | sensory- vision, smell, taste, hearing; motor-impulse to effector; integration- interprets senses, make decisions |
| lateral sulcus | separates frontal/parietal lobes from temporal lobe |
| medulla oblongata | between pons and spinal cord; contains ascending/descending pathways |
| 3 important centers of medulla oblongata | cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor(bp) |
| central sulcus | separates frontal/parietal lobes |
| nerve impulse | movement of action potential along nerve fiber to synaptic bulb |
| unmyelinated fibers | conduct impulses over entire surface |
| myelinated fibers | impulses jump over nodes of ranvier |
| pons | carries info to/from cortex; sends impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum; contains pneumotaxic respiratory center |
| transverse fissure | separates cerebrum from cerebellum |
| regions of cerebral cortex | motor areas, sensory areas, association areas |
| all or none response | impulse fires completely |
| perikaryon | Nissl bodies, neurofibers, Axon hillock, and organelles |
| Nissl bodies | RER |
| neuron structure | perikaryon, dentrites, axon, and Schwann cells |
| dentrites | impulses toward cell body; receives input from other neurons |
| cerebellum | 2 hemispheres connected by vermis; connected to brainstem by 3 pr. cerebellar peduncles |
| functions of cerebellum | coordination of skeletal muscle contractions and maintenance of posture |
| axon | impulses away from cell body; "talk" to other cells; branch at end |
| CNS neurogial cells | astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal, and microglia |
| PNS neuroglial cells | Schwann and satellite |
| astrocytes | structural support, form scar tissue after CNS injury |
| association areas in cerebral cortex | interpretation of sensory experience; memory, reasoning, judgement, and emotions |
| insula | deep inside lateral sulcus |
| brainstem | connects brain with spinal cord; contains bundles of axons(tracts) and nuclei |
| gyri | convolutions |
| fissure | deep convolution |
| precentral gyrus | immediately in front of central sulcus; initiates all nerve impulses for voluntary movement on opposite side of body |
| postcentral gyrus | immediately behind cental sulcus; receives sensory info from opposite side of body |
| longitudinal fissure | separates 2 central hemispheres of cerebrum |
| sulci | grooves |
| cerebrum | 2 cerebral hemispheres connected by corpus callosum |
Created by:
mjb
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