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Micro Ex 2 part 2
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Balantidium coli | Its the only human ciliate, the largest human protozoan, found in the large intestines and will give you diarrhea. |
| What is Trichomonas vaginalis? | Sexually transmitted, has a flagella, and causes vaginitis with symptoms such as itching and copious discharge |
| What is amoeba flagellates? | Ex: is naegleria fowleria, swimmers are more prone to get this through nasal passage, it will travel to brain which will lead to death from meningitis or encephalitis |
| What are dinoflagellates? | They have flagella, and they are phophorescent. For example, Gymnodirium-red tide-when the population explodes there is a red pigment. |
| What is the harmful results of dinoflagellates? | They have a neurotoxin that clams and mussels eat and can make humans sick.. It causes paralytic shellfish disease that results in numbness, paralysis, disorientation, possible death due to resp. failure and can last 2-3 hours to days. |
| What is the effects of Domoic acid? | Comes from other shellfish with their algae diet that causes headaches, dizziness, nausea, confusion, possible death via respiratory failure. |
| What is Pfiesteria? | There are 27 different forms. One form is responsible for attacking fish. Can get it if you come in contact with fish or the water that they have been in. Causes neurological effects such as memory loss, confusion, headaches, nausea, vomitting |
| What is Gambierdiscus? | Ciguaterra toxin, it is concentrated in predator fish such as Red bass, Snapper, and Mackeral. It doesn't affect the fish but in humans can cause vomitting, severe diarrhea, resp. failure, reversal hot/cold mouth feel, it is rarely fatal |
| What is Trypanosoma? | Bloodborne disease contracted from a vector such as the Tsetse fly. The toxin enters blood from bite and travels to CNS and causes death. Has flagella |
| What is Plasmodium? | There are 4 species but one is the deadliest-Plasmodium falciparum (malaria). Apicomplexins, no movement, its an obligate intracellular parasite, the vector is the female anophales mosquito |
| What is a sporozoite? | Its the infective stage of Plasmodium, Its injected into the human through the bite and carried by the blood to the liver |
| What is a merozoite? | They enter the blood stream and infect the RBC |
| What are characteristics of Seaweeds? | Multicellular algae, they are green, brown and red. Their color depends on the depth of habitat. The red-is what is in agar. They have an odd life cycle called alteration of generation. |
| What are characteristics of Euglena? | Harmless, aquatic, have a red eye spot and sensitive to light |
| What are characteristics of Diatoms? | have silicon skeleton, carrys a drop of oil, where we get diatomaceous earth-polish or filter |
| What are characteristics of Slime molds? | Fungus like amoeba,acellular and cellular. Cellular-dictyostelium (species) These are useful to study development because of their life cycle. |
| What do Slime molds produce? | The cellular amoebas produce cyclic AMP which causes other amoebas to migrate. Once they migrate together to form one organism they begin to form differentiated structures like the foot, stalk, and spore. |
| What is metronidazole? | Also known as Flagyl-good for amoebas. Tindazole is another treatment |
| What kingdom is Helminths in? | Animal Kingdom |
| What are Helminths? | They are simple worms some of them are Flat (platyhelminth), Round (Nematoda) |
| What are some characteristics of round helminths? | they range from parasitic to free, they are self sufficient, they can range in size to micro to macro, they can be simple or complicted. Hosts can be intermediate or immature, or definative to mature |
| What are modes of transmission for helminths? | Larvae can burrow, or Ingest the larvae or eggs, can get this from food or water |
| How does egg infective transmission work? | Egg hatches and then migrating worm will cause some damage. Ex: Ascaris lumbricoides or Enterobiusvermiculais pinworm |
| How does larvae infective transmission work? | Ex: larvae can get in foot, it enters blood, goes to lungs, coughing and swallowing, will enter intestines |
| What are preventative treatments for contracting Helminths? | Cook food according to right temps. Freezing is more variable because you must maintain temps especially sushi and sashimi |
| What are chemical treatments for Helminths? Why are they used? | Mebendazole: orally, it paralyzes and good for intestinal hematodes, Prazignantel/niclosamides: orally and paralyzes. Dead worms cause problems (allergic reactions & toxins)once paralyzed body will flush it out |
| What are Flukes? | They are parasitic, such as trematodes (flat worms), small leaf-like suckers, thick coating that helps protect them from digestion. |
| Examples of Flukes? | Lung Flukes, Liver Flukes, and Blood Flukes |
| What are Tape worms? | Cestodes: they have Scolex (hooks), a neck region for growth, thin ribbon segments, and a proglottid (egg sac) that breaks off. They eat by absorption. Can get this from beef, fish, or pork |
| What are Nematodes? | There are many different kinds. Ex: C.elegans: used alot in research and used for aging studies. Approximately 12 that infect people-Asperus, and Hookworm for example |
| Chapter 13 Viruses | = |
| What are the most common characteristics of viruses? | They are not cells, virus is latin for poison, they used to be called filterable viruses. The infective material was filtered to isolate the pathogen. Only way to know it was there was a host getting sick |
| 1892 Iwanowki | Discovered the tobacco mosaic disease, wondered if it was "alive" and reproducing or if it was a poison |
| 1897 Beijerinck | Discovered the dilution test by taking a diseased leaf, taking a normal leaf and adding disease, it became infected, and did it over and over and discovered it didn't dilute so it must multiply |
| 1935 Stanley | Crystalized infectious particles and found nucleic acid and protein |
| What is a virus? | Ultimate obligate, intracellular parasite, protein and nucleic acid |
| Whats a capsid? | Protein box that protects nucleic acid and helps with attachment |
| What is a capsomere? | Its a subunit of a capsid, usually 1-3 proteins |
| What are the standard shapes of viruses? | Helical: long rods Polyhedral: many faces (soccer ball)-icosahedron (20 sides) Complex shapes: several shapes put together |
| What are capsules? | Can be naked, or enveloped (surrounded by host derived lipid membrane) |
| What is a virion? | Its a capsid + nucleic acid |
| What are characteristics of most DNA viruses? | They are double stranded, icosahedral, and they replicate in nucleus |
| What are characteristics of most RNA viruses? | Single stranded, enveloped, helical, replicate in cytoplasm, half will be +RNA (can replicate immediately with ribosomes) and half will be -RNA (needs copy) |
| What is Rotovirus? | Double stranded RNA virus |
| What are Examples of DNA viruses? | Papilloma: warts Epstein Barr: Mono, Burketts lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma Herpes Simplex: cold sores |
| What are examples of RNA viruses? | Rhinovirus: common cold Rhabdovirus: rabies HIV: Aids-can go from RNA to DNA Influenza: flu |
| What are three types of Disease? | Acute: short term Latent: dormant and can re-emerge (herpes, shingles) Chronic: persistant (AIDS) |
| What is virustatic? | No cures only treatments such as vaccines or virustatic drugs |
| What are some example host ranges? | Swine Flu: hogs and people Polio: primates Colds: only people (upper epithelial respiratory cells) Rabies: acetylcholine recepter cells (nerve cells) |
| What determines specificity? | viruses are tiny and only carry with it what it needs. Its determined by attachment and attachment is determined by capsid or envelope and how outside interacts with another cell. Host factors-host must provide everything the virus don't have |
| What are the 5 stages of the Lytic cycle? | Attachment: outsides recognize each other Penetration & uncoating: unpack N.A., prokaryotes injects N.A, Eukaryotes engulf capsid then uncoat Biosynthesis: makes parts Maturation: assembles parts Release: explodes open cells, exocytosis, bud out |
| What is the Lysogenic cycle? | Attachment, Penetration & Uncoating, Inserts into host DNA and waits (prophage)as host cell divides it makes a copy of virus, trigger occures, Biosynthesis, Maturation, Release |
| What is Retrovirus? | They have RNA and an enzyme call reverse transcriptase that turns RNA into DNA |
| How are viruses classified? | Own system, Own rules, Mainly descriptive (size, shape, type, # of nucleic acids), Viral species: group of viruses sharing the same genetic info and same ecological niche. |
| What is cultivation? | Must have alive cell, and whole host |
| What are characteristics of Bacteriophages? | They need specific bacteria to infect and can use bacteria growth to count viruses. Plaques are called plaque forming units |
| When does embryonated eggs get used? | When the host is not readily available |
| What is Primary cell culture? | Original cells, difficult to get and expensive, limited amount of cell growth, and will last about 50 divisions |
| What is continuous cell culture? | Cancerous cells |
| What is HPV? | Cervical Cancer- has a vaccines, there are 4 strains |
| What is Viroid? | Just RNA-no protein, no capsid. Kills plants, no mRNA, and works by regulation of genes or trancriptional affect |
| What are Prions? | Just a protein that causes neurological diseases such as Spongiform encephalopathy. Occurs in animal brains: Sheep (Scapie), Cows (mad cow), Deer/Elk (wasting disease), People (Kuru & Crutzfeld-Jacob) |
| Why do Prions work? | normal protein that changes shapes and multiplies |
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