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A&P Chapter 03
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All cells are composed of this which is an aqueous colloidal solution of carbohydrates, protein, lipids, etc. | Protoplasm |
| These compounds are the building blocks of structures within the protoplasm | Organelles |
| Higher cells like those in the human body | Eukaryotic |
| Cells that do not have membrane-bound organelles | Prokaryotic |
| Protoplasm inside the nucleus | Nucleoplasm |
| Protoplasm outside the nucleus | Cytoplasm |
| Cells are measured by this | Microns or Micrometers |
| Cell surrounded by a cell membrane by this | Plasma Membrane or the Plasmalemma |
| Molecules of protein and phospholipids are currently referred to in their arrangement as this | Fluid Mosaic Pattern |
| Compounds with such unpolarized bonds | Nonpolar |
| Area within the cytoplasm that is surrounded by a vacuolar membrane | Vacuoles |
| Most prominent structure in the cell | Nucleus |
| Fluid-containing structure that is separated from the cytoplasm, and is usually refer to as the nuclear envelope | Nuclear Membrane |
| Genetic material of cells located in the nucleus of the cell that determines all the functions and characteristics of the cell | Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
| A type of nucleic acid | Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) |
| Genetic material of the cell | Chromatin |
| Spherical particle within the nucleoplasm that does not have a covering membrane around it | Nucleolus |
| Small oblong-shaped structures composed of two membranes | Mitochondrion or Mitochondria |
| Folds of the inner membrane | Cristae |
| Small bodies in the cytoplasm that contain powerful digestive enzymes to enhance the breakdown of cellular components | Lysosomes |
| This process is when lysosomes act as a suicide agent in old and weakened cells | Autolysis |
| Complex system of membranes that form a collection of membrane-bound cavities. | Endoplastic Reticulum |
| Cavities are sac like or channel like | Cisternae |
| All cells would have this | Rough or granular ER |
| This would attached to the granular ER | Smooth or Angular ER |
| Consists of an assembles of flat sac like cisternae that resembles a stack of saucers of pancakes | Golgi Apparatus |
| Tiny granules distributed throughout the cytoplasm and are attached to the rough or granular ER | Ribosomes |
| Copies the code from the DNA molecule to the nucleus | Messenger RNA |
| Assistance of an enzyme | Transcription |
| Go into the cytoplasm and collect the amino acids | Transfer RNA |
| Series of tRNA molecules bring the amino acids to certain sites on the mRNA molelecu | Translation |
| Numerous ribosomes found in the cell indicate the importance and significance | Protein Synthesis |
| Found only in animal cells at right angles to each other near the nuclear membrane | Centriols |
| The pair together is referred to | Centrosome |
| Centrioles move to each side of the dividing cell and position themselves at a location called the opposite pole of the cell | Microtubules |
| Long, hollow cylinders made of protein | Tubulin |
| Cellular organelles located on the cell surface | Cilia and Flagella |
| Cause plants to look green | Chloroplasts |
| Many stacks of membrane | Granunm |
| Made of a stack of individual double membranes | Thylakoid |
| Similar in structure to chloroplasts but contain other pigments | Chromoplasts |
| Cartenoid pigments | Xanthophyll |
| Produce a red orange color | Carotene |
| Another type of plastid | Leucoplast |
| Semirigid covering the cell wall made of complex carbohydrate | Cellulose |
| The genetic material of the cell, either DNA or RNA | Nucleic acid |
| Every DNA molecule has this double helical chain of this | Nucleotides |
| Purine pairs with | Thymine |
| Guanine pairs with | Cytosine |
| Sequence of organic nitrogen base pair codes for a polypetide or a protein | gene |
| Between phases and is the longest and most dynamic part of a cells life | Interphase |
| Dark threads | Chromatin |
| Mitosis is the process of cellular reproduction that occurs in the nucleus and form two identical nuclei | Mitosis |
| Coiled duplicated chromosomes that have shortened and thickened are now visible | Prophase |
| Sister chromatids remain attached to one another | Centromere |
| Pinched-in area of the chromosome where a disk of protein | Kinetrochore |
| Centriole pair begin to move apart to the opposite poles of the cell forming a group of microtubules between them | Spindle Fibers |
| Starburst form is called this | Aster |
| Sister chromatids align themselves at the center of the cell | Metaphase |
| Shortest stage of mitosis and is on of the most dynamic stages to observe | Anaphase |
| Final stage of Mitosis | Telophase |
| Furrowing in of pinching in of the cell membrane | Clevage Furrow |
| Forms at the equator | Cell Plate |
| DNA has already duplicated before the onset of meiosis | Prophase I |
| Spindle microtubules attract to the kinetochore only on the outside of each centromere and the centromeres are are attached to the microtubules from the opposite side | Metaphase I |
| Microtubules of the spindle shorten and pulled the centromeres toward the poles, dragging both sister chromatids with it | Anaphase I |
| Homologous chromosome pairs have separated and now a member of each pair is at the opposite ends of the spindle | Telophase I |
| Each of the two daughter cells produced in the first meiotic division, a spindle forms, and the chromosomes shorten,coil, and thicken | Prophase II |
| Each of the two daughter cells, the chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate | Metaphase II |
| The centromeres of the chromosomes divide | Anaphase II |
| New nuclear membranes form around the separated chromatids, the spindle dissapears, and the chromosomes uncoil and decondense | Telaphase II |
| Occurring in the semiferous tubules of the testes | Spermatogenesis |
| Formation of the female egg | Oogenesis |
| Smaller cells produced | Polar Bodies |
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amandafolck
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