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Chapters 4, 5, & 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | Dutch shopkeeps in 1600 discovered and described serveral Protistas, sperm cells, and bacteria. Organisms so small, they would not be seen by others for another two ceturies. |
| Robert Hooke | Names cells. |
| Matthia Schleiden | German botonist speculated that the nucleus has something to do with the development of cells. |
| Theodore schwann | German zoologist. Expanded the ideas of Mathias Schleiden, and proposed that plant and animal cells contains a nucleus and propsed that cells have their own individua life |
| Rudolf Virchow | German physiologist answered the question where cells come from and proposed that cells arise only from preexisting cells. |
| Carl Woese | Published the complete DNA sequence of Methanococcus jannaschii, a member od the prokaryotic domain Archaea. |
| W.p Jencks | Proposed a way of using antibodies to test Pauling hypothesis. Antibodies contain a binding site that exactly fits the antigen. |
| Jacques Monod | French biologist that discovered allosteric regulation. |
| J.P Chaneus & J Wyman. | Jacques Collegues. |
| Harry F Noller. | Found Ribosomes in cell structures that assemble amino acids into proteins. I can still link amino together even if their proteins are removed. |
| Thomas Chech. | Discovered a group of RNA molecules that appeared capable of accelerating the rate of certain biological reactions without being changed by the reaction. |
| Billiang Zhang | Collegue of Thomas Chech & confirmed that ribozymes can actually catalyze in this reaction. |
| Sidney Altman | Worked with Chech. Recieved a Nobel Prize fro establishing the riboenzymes are essential cellular catalysts. |
| Robert Brown | English Botanist noticed a spherical body inside the cell and called it a nucleus. |
| Stephen High | Studied how proteins are stored in phospholipid bilayer to form functional biological membranes. |
| David Frye. & michael Edidin | Conducted an expirment by growing human cells and mice cells seperately in tissue culture, then added antibodies that bound to either human and mouse membrane proteins. |
| Linda Mannuzzu & mario Morrone | Performed an expirement that confirm that movement of S4 is the first step in voltage gating. 5 different chain of potassium. *Tracking gating movements in a channel protein. |
| Earl Sutherland | Began an investigation cell communication systems. discovered that hormones epinephrin acts by activating an enzyme, glucogen phospholase, which catalyze the production of glucose from glycogen. |
| Edwin Kerbs & Edmond Fisher | First discovered that protein kinases at phosphate groups to control the activitiy of key proteins in cells and provide evidence showing that proteins phosphatase reverse these phosphyliations and won a Nobel Prize. |
| Alfred Gilman & Martin Rodbell | Cells can make various G proteins and their role in signal transduction in cells, with each type activating a different cellular response. |
| Jeffrey Blaustein | Studied how hormones act in the brain to modify brain functions and behavior. |
| What is Thermodynamics? | Thermo is heat, Dynamis is change, Change in energy indicates whether the reaction is spontaneous. Energy may be converted bwtween potential and kinetic states. |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions in the body. |
| Catabolic reactions | Break down complex molecules |
| Anabolic reactions | converts simple substances into more simple forms |
| Closed system | exchanges energy but not matter |
| Open system | exchanges energy and matter |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created nor distroyed just transferred from one thing from another |
| Second Law of | Intropy |
| Exrogonic reaction | free energy is released,-G |
| Endorgonic reaction | Energy is gained,+G |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate. Potential energy is stored in ATP |
| Hydrolisis Reaction | use water molecule to break bonds between ATP |
| Phosphorylation | Reaction accures when you add a phosphate group to water molecule. Removing phophate group removing potential energy. |
| Thermal dynamics and reversable reactions | The concentrations of reactants and products establishes an equilibrium points. |
| Role of Enzymes | Reduce activiation energy, they combine each reaction and are realeased unchanged they induse the transition state often end in -ase and their protiens. As temperature increases chemical reaction rate increases. |
| Enzyme Inhibitors | Non substrate molecules that reduce the enzyme reaction rates that intefere with the active sight and combine with critical sight elsewhere in the enzyme. |
| 2 types of Enzyme Inhibition | Competitive inhibitors, they compete with the substrate to reach the active sight-Non competitive, combine with the enzyme away from the active sight |
| Allosteric regulation | Accures with reversable combination of regulatory molecules on the enzyme-2 types, High Affinity(enzyme bind with substrate stongly)/Low Affinity(enzyme binds with substrate weakly) |
| Cell Theory | All organisms are cellular, Cells are the smallest units of life, Cells come only from preexisting cells |
| Cytoplasm | Surround the central region |
| Cytosol | Aqueous solution of cell |
| Organelles | small organized structures within the cytosol |
| Plasma Membrane | Define cytoplasm includes lipid bilayer and proteins, hydrphobic and internal environment of cell differ fromt he external, they allow metabolism through ATP, mitochondria and chloroplast |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Interconnected network of membrane with cisternae and lumen |
| Rough ER | ribosomes bound to surface and their membrane associated with protein synthesis |
| Endomembrane System | connects all membranes sysnthesisis membrane proteins, sysnthesisis lipids and detoxifys the cell |
| Autophagy | removes nonfuntional organelles |
| Phagocytosis | digests extra cellular material |
| Mitochondria | cellular respiration yeilds ATP,they have 2 membranes and a mitochondrial matrix, have their own genome |
| 2 double membranes | mitochondria and nucleous |
| Michrobodies | they link biochemical pathways, single membrane and not part of endomembrane system.3 Example-peroxisomes,glyoxysomes,glycosomes |
| Cytoskeleton components | microtubules,intermediate fibers,microfilaments. Assemble from proteins, microtubules from tubulin,intermidiate fibers from intermediate filaments and microfilaments from actins |
| Microtubules | originate from centrioles are the anchor major organelles and provide tracts for mobile organelles |
| Flagella and Cilia | theier motor proteins from centrioles and basal bodies, are 9+2 sets of doublets |
| Centrioles | have a 9+3 configuration |
| Chloroplasts | they have multibple membranes for photosynthesis and are 3 parts-thylakoids,grana,and stroma |
| Palastids | plant organelles include chloroplast,amlyoplasts and chromoplasts |
| Middle Lamella | they hold adjacent cell walls together |
| Plasmodesmata | provide cellular connections which includes no cell wall passage ways |
| Animal Cell surface | cell adhesion organized animal cells into tissues and organs |
| Cell Junctions | reenforce cell adhesions and provide avenues of communication, extra cellular matrix organizes the cells exterior |
| Cell adhesions and Junction | cell adhesion binds cell together nonpermanantly and cell junction seal spaces betwen permenantly |
| Functions of Cellular Junction | anchoring junctions weld cells together |
| Tight junctions | prevent small ion movement |
| Gap junction | allow passage without membrane control |
| Extracellular Matrix | provide tensil strenth and elastisity-animal cells secrete ECM provide stuctural support for cell and also helps cells stick together |
| Collagen proteins | provide tensile strenght and elasticity |
| Porteoglycans | are interlinkages and inconsistency |
| Fibronectins | connect cells via integrins |
| Chapter 4 why it matters. | Fungi old man of the wood mushroom, scientifically as strobilomyce floccopus. |
| Basic Research-Testing the transition state. | Linus pauling proposed, that pushing molecules towrds the transition state might be the mechanism that underlines ezymatic catalyst. W.p Jenks proposed a ways of using antibodies to test pauling's hypothesis. Animals produce proteins called antibodies whe |
| dTake the firs step in protein synthesis | Harry Nollers expirements showed that if proteins were removed from ribosomes, the remaining RNA molecules could catalyze the central reaction of proteins into chains of peptide bonds. Billian Zang and Thomas cech performed a definitive expirements that e |
| UAQCH-1-How does protein structure relate to enzyme function | The patterns of diffraction of xrays provide an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of particular enzyme may then be be transferable to other proteins. |
| UAQCH-2-How does ribsomes structure relate to fucntion, and how might ribsomes be used as therupeutic agenst | The shape are catalycatically active once they fold into those two shapes ( hamerhead-hammerhead shark). Current research focuses on optimizing the inhibition of viral replication by the ribosomes determining the mechanisms antiviral activity and extendin |
| Read about: Research Method – Light and Electron Microscopy Read about: Research Method – Light and Electron Microscopy Read about: Research Method – Light and Electron Microscopy Read about: Research Method – Light and Electron Microscopy Read abou | Purpose is microscopy is a widely used technique to view oraganisms, cells, in their natural state, so that specific structures can be seen more clearly. Electroscop provides higher resolution and higher magnification than light microscopy. |
| MEmbrane struture | contains both lipid and protien molecules and is part of the fluid mosaic model |
| Phospholipid bilayer | create membranes they include polar regionsof phopsholipids lie at the surfaces of bilayer and nonpolar tails associate together in interior |
| Functions of membrane proteins | transport of selected hydropholic subtances,recognition,signal reception,cell adhesion, and matabolism |
| Integral membrane proteins | embedded deeply in the bilayer and cant be removed without dispersing the bilayer |
| Peripheral membrane proteins | associate with membrane surfaces |
| Transport | passive transport is based on diffusion and 2 groups of transtport proteins carry out facilitated diffusion |
| Simple diffusion | passive transport of substnaces across lipids portions of cellular membrane with their concentration gradiants most soluable and lipids |
| Tonicity | water that moves from hypotonic solution to hypertonic solution. When solutions on both sides are isotonic no osmotic movement of water in either direction |
| Active transport | requires a direct or indirect input of energy derived from ATP hydrolisis-concentration of gradiants are primary energy source |
| Exocytosis | releases molecules outside cell by means of secretory vesicles-fusion it when the vesicle membrane joins the plasma membrane |
| Endocytosis | brings material into cells-Pinocytosis is cellular drinking-Phagocytosis is cellular eating |
| Cell communication | through direct channels of communication specific contacts between cells and intercellular chemical messengers-3 parts,controling cell(realeases signal molecules that causes response of target cells),Target cell(processes the signal in 3 steps thorough re |
| Surface receptors | 1 part is peptide hormones and neuro transmitters-surface receptor integral membrane glyco protiens and last part is-signalyng molecules(bound by surface receptor and trigors response pathaways within the cell) |
| Surface receptors | 1-extracellular signal molecules 2- surface receptors that reaceive signals 3-internal response pathways trigored when receptors bind a signal. |
| Peptide hormones | small proteins, Affect cell growth,division,and differentiation |
| Neurotransmitters | small peptides,individual amino acids and chemical substances |
| Cellular response pathways(1) | operate by activating protein kinases(enzymes), protein kinases add phosphate groups |
| Cellular response pathways(2) | protein phosphatases, have the reverse response by removing phosphate groups from target proteins-receptors are removed by endocytosis |
| Amplification | response pathway are catalyzed when an enzyme is aplified, it allows full celullar response when few signal molecles bind to receptors |
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