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Anatomy 2031
Anatomy and Physiology Century 2031Chapters 10, 11, 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Muscular attachment sites: Define ORIGIN | the bone that does not move when muscles shorten |
| Define Insertion | the movable bone |
| Coordination within muscles groups: Define Prime Mover: | Contracts to cause the desired action |
| Antagonist | Stretches and yields to prime mover |
| Synergist | contract to stabilize nearby joints |
| Fixators | stabilize the origin of the prime mover |
| Muscles of Facial Expression: Orbicularis Oculi | closes the eye |
| Levator palpebrae superior's | opens the eye |
| Orbicularis oris | puckers the mouth |
| Buccinator | forms the muscular portion of the cheek and assists in whistling, blowing, sucking and chewing |
| What muscle elevates the mandible? | Temporails and masseter |
| What retracts the mandible? | Temporalis |
| What elevates and protracts the jaw? | Pterygoids |
| What helps to move jaw and grind food? | Pterygoids, temporalis and buccinator |
| What muscle moves the head and neck? | Sternocleidomastoid - rotates head, extends head, flexes neck |
| Rectus abdominis | six pack |
| External Obliques | forms the V |
| Internal Obliques | forms the A |
| Transverse abdominis | deep to the rectus abdominis |
| Name the 2 muscles involved in breathing in? | External intercostal and diaphragm |
| Name the muscles that move the arm? | Pectoralis Major, Latissimus dorsi, deltoid, rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus and infraspinatus) |
| What are the flexors of the forearm? | Biceps brachii (shoulder), brachialis, brachioradialis (elbow) |
| What is the extensor of the forearm? | Tricepts brachii - extends elbow and shoulder joint. |
| What are the muscles that pronate and flex the palm? | Pronator Teres - turns palm of hand down towards floor Supinator - deeper and returns palm/hand back to anatomical Flexor Carpi, Flexor digitorum, Flexor pollicis |
| What are the muscles that extend the wrist and fingers? | Extensor carpi, digitorum, pollicis, indicis |
| What are the muscles that cross the hip joint? | Iliopsoas - allows us to flex the hip joint Quadriceps femoris, and adductor muscles |
| What are the muscles of the Butt and Thigh? | Gluteus muscles - maxiums, medius and minimus Hamstring muscles |
| What is the muscle of the Calf? (posterior leg) | Gastrocnemius |
| What are the muscles of the leg and foot? | tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus |
| Name the 3 basic functions of the Nervous System: | SIM Sensory function - afferent neurons Integrative function - associative neurons or interneurons Motor function - The do it part, motor efferent neruons sends the msg to the muscle pathway |
| Name the structures of the Nervous system: | Brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, ganglia,sensory receptors |
| Name the two major divisions of the Nervous system: | Central Nervous System CNS Peripheral Nervous System PNS |
| What does the Central Nervous System consist of? | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| What does the Peripheral Nervous System consist of? | Everything else other than the brain and spinal cord, connects CNS to muscles glands and all sensory receptors. |
| What are the subdivisions of the PNS? | Somatic Nervous System - Voluntary, we have to command to use this Autonomic Nervous System |
| Name of the parts of a Neuron in order: | DCBA Dendrite - input and receiving area Cell Body - Nucleus and decision making area Axon - conducts nerve pulses from nerve to nerve. |
| What are the structural classifications of Neurons? | Multipolar, bipolar and unipolar |
| Define multipolar neurons: | they have many dendrites and one axon. most common cell type, can be sensory, intermeurons or motor neurons |
| Define bipolar neurons: | has one main dendrite and one axon, found in retina, inner ear and olfactory, these are sensory only |
| Define unipolar neurons: | can only handle one process, are always sensory neurons |
| What are Neuroglial cells? | Nervous system support -smaller than neurons -50x more numerous -is half the volume of the CNS |
| What is Action Potential? | is a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and eventually reverse the membrane potential and then restore it to th resting state. |
| What is the All-or-None principle? | if a stimulus reaches threshold, the action potential is always the same. |
| What are the two types of signal transmission synapses? | Electrical type Chemical type |
| What are electrical type synapses? | they are fast, two-way transmission capable of sync groups of neurons. Uses ionic current to spread to next cell through gap junctions. |
| What are chemical type synapses? | One-way info transfer from presynaptic neuron to a photosynaptic neuron or other cell. These can connect to each other, neuron to neuron, or neuron to other cell |
| Name the types of Neurotransmitters? | Excitatory and inhibitory |
| What are special characteristics of neurotransmitters? | -present in both CNS and PNS - the same neurotransmitter may be an excitatory in some areas of the body and inhibitory in others. |
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