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Geoscience Midterm
Rocks, Magma, Minerals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the step after hypothesis in the scientific method? | Experiemnt or Observation |
| What is a theory? | Tested and Accepted Idea |
| What is one element made by a supernova? | Uranium, gold, platinum, lead |
| What layer of the Earth is pure metal? | Core |
| What proves plate tectonics are rigid? | Earthquakes, volcanos, mountain belt |
| Which lithosphere is recycled? | Ocean |
| What is the name of the plate boundar that recycles it? | Convergent Subduction |
| What mineral has ionic bonds? | Halite |
| Do ionic bonds make mineral hard or soft? | Soft |
| What mineral has covalent bonds? | Diamond, Quartz, Feldspar |
| Do covalent bonds make mineral hard or sof? | Hard |
| Can minerals share same chemistry and structure? | NO |
| WHat is the most reliable mineral property? | Hardness |
| What is the lease reliable minera property? | Color |
| What is the most common type of mineral? | Silicate |
| Why is Silicate the most common mineral? | Because silicone and oxygen are the most common elements on earth. |
| What plate boundary makes all three types of rock? | Subduction and Collision |
| What process creates small loose grains? | Erosion and weathering |
| What rock is hard and massive? | Igneous |
| What two components are used to classigy igneous rock? | Chemical composition and texture |
| Why do granite and ralite differ in look but have same chemistry? | Cool at different rates |
| Can granite be formed in a spreading zone? | NO |
| What is Olivine's structure? | Simple Isolated |
| Where is Olivine on Bowen's reaction series. | Found in high T and High P. Top of Bowens reacion series. |
| What is quartz's structure? | Complex framework |
| Where is quartz on bowens reaction series? | botto, forms at low t and low p |
| What magma froms at highest temperature? | Ultramafic |
| WHat minerals are in Ultramafic rock? | Olivine, calcium-rich plagioclase, pyroxene |
| What type of magma has gentle eruptions? | Mafic |
| What type of magma has explosive eruptions? | Felsic |
| What explosions are hard to predict? | Intermediate |
| What indicates volcanos are about to erupt? | Gas, temp, swelling, harmonic tremor |
| What weather makes rocks rust? | Oxidation |
| What climate makes dissolution occur? | High rainfall |
| What type of sediment is found on a beach? | well sorted, rounded, clean |
| What type of sediment is found after a landslide? | unsorted, large, jagged |
| What is a crossbed? | diagonal layer with horizontal main bed of sediment |
| What transporting agents make crossbeds? | water and wind |
| Where would a 40 ft high crossbed occur? | Desert |
| Where would a 4 ft high crossbed occur? | Shallow Marine |
| Although there is no single recipe for doing science, what is usually the first sept of the sci method? | asking a question about a problem |
| True or False: 2 minerals can share the same chemical composition as long as their crystal structure is different | True |
| Which of the following mineral properties describes the shine of the minerals surface? | luster |
| Which of the following groups of silicates does mica belong to? | sheet |
| T or F:ocean lithosphere tends to be very old, because it is impossible to recycle | false |
| T or F: If tests by many scientists disprove a hypothesis, it must be either rejected or modified. | True |
| Which layer of the earth is made of solid rock but is broken into moving pieces? | Lithosphere |
| Which of the non-silicate mineral groups cause the most pollution when we mind it or smelt it? | Sulfides |
| Which plate boundary is divergent and has ocean lithosphere on both sides? | spreading zone |
| T or F:All sedimentary rocks start out as loose grains of clastic sediment | False |
| What is the main function of a collision zone? | To cement large continents together |
| T or F: Fossils of the same plants and animals can be found on widely seperated continents today? | True |
| Which rock types is hard and usually massive? | Igneouse |
| T or F: Most geologis believed Wegner;s evidence for continental drift when hy first propsed this idea | False |
| Which of the silicate mineral groups usualy has the best clevage? | Sheet |
| Where did the heat come from that made the earth melt inside? | Violent collisions, powerful radioactive elements, original enery of the supernova |
| Which plate boundary is convergent and can have either ocean or continental lithosphere on one side but must have ocean lithosphere on the other? | subduction |
| T or F: Two minerals can share the same crystal struture and the smame chemical composition | False |
| What is the main function of spreading zones? | Cool the earth |
| What group of silicates does pyroxene belong to? | Single chain |
| Which layer inside the Earth is made of heavy rock that slowy convects to carry heat up the surface? | Mantle |
| Which of the following mineral properties is the mose reliab | |
| T or F: ALl igneous rocks form by erupting out of volcanls | false |
| T or F:Scientific hypotheses are often published in magazines and newpapers before they undergo peer review | false |
| Accretion | slow, gradual growth of planets |
| Lithosphere | rock shell, solid, rigid, covering |
| Asthenosphere | weak shell, partly melted layer under solid lithosphere, no strength |
| How does spreading zone release heat? | By making new ocean lithosphere |
| How do subduction zones recycle old cold ocean lithosphere | By melting it |
| What is mineral luster? | Smoothness |
| Mineral Hardness reflects | atomic bond strength |
| Mineral cleavage | froms along internal planes where atomic bonds are weak. |
| crystal faces | reflect the arrangement of atoms inside the minerals as external geometric shapes |
| silicates | primaty rock-forming mineral group |
| tetrahedron | three sided pyramid, four total sides |
| non-silicate minerals | formed with calcium, carbon, and oxygen |
| Which mineral fizzes under acid | calcite |
| Which mineral's main ingredient in cememnt? | gypsum |
| What mineral is rock salt? | halite |
| What mineral has a red streak? | hematite |
| Which mineral is fools gold, causes sulfer? | pyrite |
| What are three ways rocks get destroyed? | Melting, erosion, cooking |
| What are three ways rocks form? | igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic |
| Igneous rock starts as... | hot magma |
| plutonic | magma cools slowly |
| volcanic | magma cools rapidly |
| sedimentary rock start out as | loose grains |
| metamorphic rock is | cooked, solid rock |
| felsic rock colors | clear, white, pink |
| ultramafic color | olive green |
| mafic color | dark grey, black |
| intermediate | salt and pepper |
| bowens reaction series | predicts order minerals will appear in magma as the temp drops |
| hot spot | weak spots in lithosphere |
| pillow lava | rounded blobs that erupt underwater |
| Nuee Ardentes | red hot landslide of volcanic ash |
| super volcano | when ryotite eropts from a continental hot spot |
| shield volcanos | gentle dome shape, mafic magma |
| fissure flows | flat, large areas covered with basalt flows, also smooth running mafic magma |
| stratovolcanos | large, steep, alternating eruptions of ash and lava, also called composite cones |
| cinder cones | steep, but small mountains, very easily eroded, all ash, no lava. |
| caldera | Giant eroptions leave behind enormous hole |
| harmonic tremmors | distinctive sound when magma flows |
| seismographs | measure monving magma |
| lahars | melted snow caps melting, then creating volcanic mudflows that travel for miles |
| spalling | outside of rock gets hot wile inside is still cold |
| frost wedging | most effective way to weather rocks in temperate rainy climates |
| oxidation | oxygen attatches strongly to any metlas in rocks |
| dissolution | tears ionic bonds apart |
| hydrolysis | water combining with minerals in rock to make new, softer mineral |
| Biologic precipitation | plants and animals take chemicals out of water |
| lithification | turns loose sediment into solid rock by compaction and cementation |
| Breccia | rock with square or pointy corners |
| conglomerate | has rounded stones inside |
| limestone | made of seashells, dissolves easliy in wet climates |
| evaporties | form where salts precipitate directy out of water |
| principle of superposition | sedimentary rocks form in layers, oldest on bottom and newest on top |
| principle of uniformity | interpret ancient rocks based on how roks form today |
| foliation | making minerals flat |
| differentation | seperating by type in layers |
| recrystalization | makes rock massive |
| metamorphic pathway | determinded by pressure and temperature |
| grade | how much cooking a rock has been through |
| index minerals | record the specific p and t conditions reached along the metamorphic pathway |
Created by:
Torie277
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