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A+P Exam 2 Day 1
A+P class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hyperplasia | tissue growth through cell multiplication (smooth muscle, not skeletal) |
| Hypertrophy | tissue growth though cell size expansion |
| Neoplasia | growth from tumor or abnormal cell getting larger |
| Differentiation | unspecialized tissues become specialized |
| Metaplasia | changing of one type of mature tissue to another type |
| Necrosis | pathological death of tissue (associated with inflammatory response) |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death (not associated with inflammatory response) |
| Stem cells | undifferentiated cells with developmental plasticity |
| Plasticity | the ability to change |
| Types of embryonic stem cells | Totipotent and pluripotent |
| Totipotent stem cells | cells produced by the first division of the fertaliced egg (unlimited plasticity embryonic or extraembryonic) |
| Pluripotent stem cells | inner mass of cells ccan differentiate into any tissue type- rare and more controversial |
| Adult stem cells | undifferentiated cells in tissues of adults |
| types of adult stem cells | multipotent and unipotent |
| multipotent | can only produce cells of a closely related family of cells, ex hematopetic stem cells(blood)- can become connective tissue (blood) or any type of blood cell |
| unipotent | undifferentiated but most limited plasticity- can only produce one type of cell but has self-renewal |
| Self-renewal | ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining its undifferentiated state |
| regeneration | replacement of damaged cells with original cells |
| fibrosis | replacement of damaged tissue with connective tissue/ scar tissue- fibroblasts are going to the site and laying down connective tissue |
| Keloid | healing with excessive fibrosis (raised shiny scars) |
| integumentary system | skin and accessory organs |
| skin | integument- takes the biggest beating of all the systems |
| Functions of the skin | protection, body temp regulation, cutaneous system, metabolic function, blood reservoir, excretion |
| Types of skin protection barriers | physical, chemical, and biological |
| Chemical barrier of skin | Produces low pH secretions- gives it an acid mantel |
| Defensins | class of porteins that inhibit bacterial activity |
| Physical barrier of skin | keratinized- prevents water and entry loss- limited penetration from lipids and other such things |
| biological barrier of skin | dendrytic cells, macrophages, and other cells that protect |
| Metabolic function | synthesis of vitamin D- converts some homrmones |
| Cutaneous | skin |
| Blood reservoir | up to 5% of bodys' blood volume is in the skin |
| Excretion | get rid of waste through skin |
| Layers of skin | epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis |
| Epidermis | major region of skin- superficial |
| Dermis | thicker middle region- major region |
| Hypodermis | minor deepest surface |
| Skin thickness | 1-2 mm but changes cuz of dermis |
| weight of skin | 4-5 kg |
| surface area of skin | 17-20 sq ft |
| % of body weight | 7% |
| Most of body covered in thin/thick skin? | Thin |
| Thick skin | hairless skin on palms, and soles of feet- subject to lots of abrasion |
| Thickness of skin comes from what layer of skin? | epidermal layer |
| Epidermis | composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| 4 major cells of the epidermis | Keratinocutes, Melanocytes, Epidermal dendrytic cells, Merkel cells |
| Keratinocytes | great majority of cells in epidermis, produce keratin, come from deepest mitotic layer of epidermis, 90% of epidermal cells, migrate up and are dead by the top, takes 25-45 days to get to the top |
| Melanocytes | found in deepest layers of epidermis, 10-25% of cells, produce melanine, transfer pigment to keratinocytes |
| What makes your skin colored? | Keratinocytes, cuz they receive the melanine form the melanocytes and travel to the top where the color is visible |
| Epidermal dendrytic cells | aka Langerhans cells, they are macrophages, help activate the immune system |
| Merkel cells | touch receptors, associated with sensory nerve endings |
| Layers of epidermis bottom to top | Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidium, and stratum corneum (sssss Bull Sh*t Grandma Loves Cats) |
| Stratum Basale | attached to basement membrane (which is nerves as the connective tissue), single row of actively mitotic stem cells which give rise to keratinocytes, lots of cell division happening, keratinocytes and merkel cells are here |
| Stratum spinosum | several layers of irregularly shaped cells with desmosomes, usually thickest layer, produce more keratin filaments, cause cells to flatten, abundant melanine and granual cells here, keratinocytes connected by tight junctions keeping h20 out |
| Desmosomes | very prominent intercellular bridges |
| Cells in stratum spinosum are rich in what? | RNA, to produce all the keratin |
| Stratum granulosum | 3-5 cell layers, cells flatten further, layers higher than this are avascular causing cell death |
| 3 important things happen in the stratum granulosum | Keratinocyte nuclei and other organelles degenerate causing death, keratohyline granules release a protein that binds filaments together into tough bundles, lamellated granules release a lipid that water proofs the cell |
| Stratum lucidum | this layer only found in thick skin |
| Stratum corneum | top layer, 20-30 dead "cells" thick, cells are just flat membranous sacs filled with keratin, glycolipids in extracellular space |
| Sebacious (oil) glands | Become active in puberty, develope hair follicles, produce sebum |
| Sebum | Oily holocrine secretion, bactericidal, softens skin and hair |
| Functions of hair | Body hair (doesn't keep us warm) alerts of ants, scalp hair protects against phusical trauma and traps heat, beard, pubhic, and axillary, guard hair and eyelashes, express emotions via eyebrows |
| Structure of hair | dead keratinized cells |
Created by:
maffuhamilton
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