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Brain Matters Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is pruning? | greatest loss of neurons during the fetal and newborn development |
| what are the steps of prenatal development? | conception, embryo, zygote, all cells are the same in first two week period, fetus after 8 weeks. |
| what happens 3 weeks after conception? | neural plate starts to fold into neural tube |
| what happens after 4 weeks of conception | primary components of CNS develops |
| what are the different components of the primary CNS? | prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon |
| what happens after 5 weeks of conception? | major structures grow |
| what happens after 6-7 weeks of conception? | cerebral cortex blossoms |
| what happens in the 6th week of conception? | secondary CNS formed |
| what are the components of the secondary CNS? | telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon |
| what happens between 8-12 weeks of conception? | cortex forms and cortex covers the tube |
| what happens between 16-40 weeks of conception? | sulci and gyri develop |
| what are the three layers of the human embryo? | ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| when is the brain of an infant deceased? | 26 weeks |
| when does the nervous system develop? | through the embryonic and fetal period |
| when does the heart grow? | early |
| when do the limbs grow? | 4th, 5th, and 6th week |
| what is thalidomide? | European women use it for morning sickness which causes devastating effects on development and causes limbs to not fully develop |
| what is fetal alcohol syndrome? | disorder characterized by mental and physical defects when women drink alcohol during pregnancy |
| what does alcohol do to the brain? | kills neurons, affects embryonic and fetal development, alters tissue growth, miscarriage, risks of neurological and growth defiance, and can cause physical defects |
| what is NTD? | neural tube defect - when neural tube fails to close |
| what is spina bifida? | failure to close in spinal cord |
| how can NTD be detected? | ultrasound exam, elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein |
| What the causes of NTD? | unknown |
| what is the postnatal development? | after birth, growth occurs at head first, travels to abdomen, and walking occurs after birth |
| how long does myelination last? | lasts up to 30 years - lasts the longest |
| what is the brain weight and timing during development? | 1/4 of the original brain weight, male brain is larger than female, weight is stable during adult life span |
| when and what does pruning do? | after 10 years, it refines ability frontal cortex to help make decisions |
| what does the limbic center help with? | moves adolescence in mature decision making |
| what is neural plasticity? | ability of brain to respond |
| what is edward taub and constraint? | induced movement therapy for stroke patients |
| what is the process in which the brain gets from 1-100 billion neurons? | Starts with the plate having neural tissue on it, 18 days after conception and as it folds the tube is complete after day 26 of conception |
| where does the most growth occur? | forebrain |
| after the prosencephalon starts to grow, what happens to it? | divides into the telencephalon |
| what does the diencephalon become? | thalamus and hypothalamus |
| what are the stages for the neuron that occur during the fetal development? | mitosis/proliferation, migration, differentiation, aggregation, synaptogenesis, neuron death, synapse rearrangement, myelination |
| what is mitosis? | cell division that turns into cell multiplication at 250,000/min in ventricular zone |
| what happens to the cells after mitosis? | "daughter" cells become fixed post mitotic |
| what is migration? | neurons migrate on radial glial extend from ventricular zone |
| what are growth cones and what process to they play a part in? | migration; migration is facilitated by growth cones at the end of the axon that pulls neurons |
| what is differentiation? | neurons become fixed post mitotic and specialized they develop and process (axons and dendrites) they develop neurotransmitter- making ability they develop electrical conduction they become a neuron type (pyramidal, stellate, granule, purkinje) |
| what is aggregation? | like neurons move together (aggregate) and form layers |
| what is synaptogenesis? | axons with growth cones on end form a synapse with other functions with other neurons or tissue |
| what provide support from the post- synaptic neuron? | optimal senses |
| the secretion of what sustains pre-synaptic neurons? | neurotropic factors |
| what is neuron death? | between 40-75 percent of all neurons born in embryonic and fetal development do not survive they fail to make optimal synapses |
| what leads to synapse rearrangement? | neuron death |
| what is process that leads up to synapse rearrangement? | release and uptake of neurotropic factors, neurons receiving insufficient neurotropic factor die, axonal processes complete for limited neurotropic factor |
| what is synapse rearrangement? | active synapses likely take up neurotrophic factor that maintains the synapse, inactive synapses get too little tropic factor to remain stable |
| In what two systems does plasticity occur in | Sensory and motor |
| Who is Wilder Penfield | founder of Montreal Neurological institute, helped in understanding of the brain |
| What is the Homunculus | "little man", Wilder Penfield came up with it. |
| The over-representation in the Homunculus occurs where | the Face, hands and mouth |
| most of the frontal cortex is involved with what | Movement |
| the corticospinal tract starts where and ends where | it starts in the cortex and comes down the brain and goes to the spinal cord |
| what is myelination? | putting coating on the axon so they conduct faster |
| how long does myelination continue for? | 30 years |
| what are the five major senses? | touch, smell, taste, hearing, and vision |
| what is olfaction? | smell |
| what is gustation? | taste |
| what is audition? | hearing |
| what are proximal senses? | impinges directly on receptor |
| what are the proximal senses? | touch, taste, and smell |
| what are distal senses? | generated from remote source |
| what are the distal senses and when do they develop? | audition (sound waves) and vision (light); develop later |
| what the features of sensory systems? | receptors, sensory relays, synapses in nuclei, synapses in thalamus, projection to primary cortical, projections to secondary cortical |
| what is the first step in the sensory system? | receptor |
| what does the receptor do? | translates environmental input to the brain -has rods and cones for vision that is located in the back of the retina |
| what two structures modulate movements | Cerebellum and basal ganglia |
| What are the cerebellum and basal ganglia also involved in besides modulating movement | involved in some forms of learning |
| the basal ganglia are essential for what? | Procedural learning and memory |
| exercise increase what factor. | it increases the brain derived neurotrophic factor |
| Neurotrophic factor does what | it feeds optimal synapse |
| Dopamine has a main role in what | Movement |
| Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter in what | the Basal Ganglia |
| What is Parkinson's Disease | a major loss of substantia nigra neurons |
| Treatment for Parkinson's disease | L-dopa |
| what is semantic memory from | knowledge base |
| what is Episodic memory | Knowledge about a personal experience |
| what is the second step in the sensory system? | sensory relays |
| what do the sensory relays do? | carry sensory information to the brain through neural pathways (axons) receptors send action potentials |
| what is the third step in the sensory system? | synapses in nuclei |
| what is the process of the synapse in the nuclei? | moves along sensory pathway |
| what is the fourth step in the sensory system? | synapse in thalmaus |
| what is the exception in the synapse of the thalamus? | smell - olfaction |
| what is the fifth step in the sensory system? | projection to primary cortical |
| what is the step which includes the projection to primary cortical? | area, vision in the occipital |
| what is the last step in the sensory system? | projection to secondary cortical |
| what is projection to secondary cortical? | areas and association areas |
| what must the nervous system translate into action potentials? | the environment |
| what is transduction? | sensory receptors carry out the translation of the environment into action potentials |
| what do touch receptors transduce? | mechanical force into action potentials |
| what does the ear transduce? | sound waves into action potentials |
| what is the earliest developing sense? | touch |
| what are the chemical senses and when do they develop? | taste and smell; they develop prenatally |
| What is Long Term potentiation | occurs when you stimulate two neurons leads to an increase in signal transmission between the neurons that last for hours or even days |
| What did HM have to help him with epilepsy | Bilateral Medial temporal lobe removal |
| From HM we learned that memory is a what | Memory is a process and it happens in the hippocampus |
| What are the two forms of memory we learned from HM | Declarative and Nondeclarative |
| what is the human olfactory epithelium? | located on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity |
| what does the olfactory epithelium? | respond to chemical molecules called odorants |
| what are chemo-receptors? | receptors for smell |
| What is Declarative memory | its things you know that you can tell others |
| What is nondeclarative memory | things you know that you can show by doing |
| Can HM form new episodic memories | Almost no but his semantic memory is intact from his childhood and adolescence |
| What time period can HM remembered | his Childhood and his adolescence |
| What is Retrograde Amnesia | Cannot remember events prior to brain damage |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Cannont remember events that occur after brain damage |
| What is hippocampal Processing Circuit | Input which comes in from hippocampus from the entohinal cortex to dentate gyrus |
| What did Bliss and LOMO do? | They figured out the LTP of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path. |
| what are structural changes associated with LTP in the hippocampus | new dendritic spines can be observed to appear after almost one hour after a stimuls that includes LTP |
| What is Korsakoff's Syndrome | Neurological brain disorder causes by the lack of thiamine in the brain – consequence of alcoholism |
| What are some symptoms of Korsakoff's Syndrome | Anterograde and Retrograde amnesia severe memory loss lack of insight apathy |
| What is dementia | LOSING OF THE MIND; cognitive function is declined |
| Who was the first person with Alzheimer's | Aguste D in 1906 |
| what happens to the brain as a result of Alzheimer's | ventricles become large due to loss of neurons Big sulci due to loss of tissue Acetylocholine Neurotransmission vastly diminsihes |
| What two systems contribute to emotions | THE PNS and the CNS |
| what are substrates of emotion in the nervous systems | ANS Hypothalamus Amgydala Thalamus Cingulate Cortex Temporal poles |
| What system is involved in voluntary emotion | Corticospinal system |
| where does the olfactory bulb develop? | as an outgrowth from the telencephalon |
| what are the primary and secondary cortical sensory areas? | somatosensory and motor strip |
| what does the somatosensory cortical sensory area include? | post central gyrus |
| what does the motor strip sensory area include? | primary motor cortex |
| which receptor is complex? | auditory |
| the hairs cells on basilar memnbrane in cochlea are organized by what? | frequency |
| what are the visual system's mapping of the environment? | colors show how the different sectors of the visual fields map on to the retina and primary visual cortex |
| what is the retina? | the receptor of the visual system |
| what did hebb and penfield both contribute to? | our understanding of the brain and movement |
| hebb ____? | hebb synapse |
| penfield _____? | homunuculus |
| what is the hebbian synapse? | When you have post-synaptic neuron that is fired by pre-synaptic, other pre-synaptic fail to depolarize and cause an action potential. Those that do have action potential are stronger, will survive. |
| what is one structure of the limbic system? | amygdala |
| what does the telencephalon bulge into? | cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system |
| what does the metencephalon turn into? | cerebellum and pons |
| what does the myelencephalon turn into? | medulla |
| what is neurotrophin? | chemical that attracts axons to it to help guide migration once the synapse is made |
| where does the pathway for audition go? | up cranial auditory nerve and ends up in superior temporal lobe |
Created by:
churchill428
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