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SIUE Kevin Org
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What distinguishes the characteristics of an atom? | The number of protons it has |
| Atomic Number | Number of protons |
| Atomic Weight/Mass Number | Number of protons + neutrons |
| Isotope | Atom with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. (same atomic numbe, but different atomic weight) |
| How to quickly determine the number of valence electrons that an atom has | Correlates with the group number that the element is in |
| Describe Exothermic Reactions | Reactions that release heat |
| Describe endothermic reactions | reactions that absorb heat |
| Describe Ionic Bonds | Eletrons are completely transferred Strongest type of bond Energy is required |
| Describe Simple salts | Ionic Compound containing an anion and a cation |
| Describe Covalent Bonds | Electrons of an element are shared by overlapping of their orbits; less energy is required |
| Describe Symmetrical covalent bonds | These are pure covalent bonds; they have a net neurtral charge; very few molecules form complete symmetrical covalent bonds (most demonstrate some polaraization |
| Describe Hydrogen Bonds | A bond between two 1-s atomic orbitals; electons in each atom are attracted to the nucleus of the other atom; the electrons continue to get closer to the nucleus until the positive charges of both nuclei repel one another (this determines bond distance) |
| Describe Sigma Bonds | The strongest of the covalent bonds; they occur when the overlap of orbitals is head on |
| Describe Pi Bonds | Occur when the overlap of orbitals are sideways, typically from adjacent overlap of p orbitals |
| Single Covalent Bonds Contain... | 1 sigma bond |
| Double Covalent Bonds Contain... | 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond |
| Triple Covalent Bonds Contain... | 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds |
| Describe Organic Chemistry | The study of carbon and the molecules that it forms |
| What is unique about Carbon | It is tetravalent; it can form bonds with atoms other than non-metals; there are more Carbon compounds than any other compound in the world; it can form stable covalent bonds with itself, it can form single, double or triple bonds. |
| Describe an Organic Molecule | Most are insoluble in water, they have a low melting and boiling poing because of the weak intermolecular forces; they contain polar covalent bonds |
| Describe an Isomer | Different compounds that have the same molecular formula; they can differ by which atoms are bound to one another or by how they are arranged in 3-D space |
| Requirements for Isomers | Same chemical formula, but different structure or spatial arrangement, they occur in org compounds that have more than 3 carbons, have the same atomic weight, have different physical properties |
| Constitutional Isomer | Compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangement (different structure, different physical prop, different physiological prop) |
| Stereoisomers | Atoms are arranged in the same sequence, but differ in their 3-D spatial arrangement, include diastereomers and enatiomer |
| Diastereomers | Stereomers that are NOT mirror images of one another; includes cis-trans isomers and conformational isomers |
| Cis-Trans Isomer | Same Chemical formula, but rotation does not occur around the carbon, carbon double bond (C=C) |
| Cis Isomer | The functional groups are on the same side of the C=C bond |
| Trans Isomer | The functional Groups are on opposite sides of the C=C bond |
| Conformational Isomers | These are not really isomers; also called rotamers; the 2 functional groups are allowed to spin around the C-C bond freely; there are an infinite number of 3-D geometries. |
| Enantiomer | These are mirror images of one another; they have the same physical and chemical properties, but different physiological properties |
| Describe Chirality | One of 2 stereoisomers that cannot be superimposed |
| D-Isomer | An isomer with a rectus (right) Spin |
| L-Isomer | An isomer with a sinister (left) spin; left spin is more natural |
| Racemic Isomer | A compound that has equal amounts of d-isomers and l-isomers. |
| Describe the structure of organic molecules | They have an inert carbon backbone with at least one functional group. |
| Describe a Functional Group | Set of atoms within a larger molecule that have a characteristic structure and chemical behavior; It largely defines the chem/physical properties of the molecule; They tend to undergo the same reactions in every molecule. |
| Hydrocarbon Functional Groups | Flammable; contain only H and C, Include Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatics |
| Alkanes | Simplest of the organic compounds; contain no functional groups; relatively unreactive; saturated carbon |
| Alkane Prefixes | 1-Meth, 2-Eth, 3-prop, 4-but, 5-pent, 6-hex, 7-hept, 8-oct, 9-non, 10-dec |
| Alkyl Group | A substituent that branches off of the main carbon chain; ex.) CH3 |
| Primary Carbon | Attached to one other carbon or alkyl group |
| Secondary Carbon | Attached to two other carbons or alkyl groups |
| Tertiary Carbon | Attached to three other carbons or alkyl groups |
| Quaternary Carbon | Attached to four other carbons or alkyl groups; does not cross the blood-brain barier or the placental barrier as easily |
| Alkenes | Contain a C=C double bond and have a functional group; the simplest is ethene; the carbon is unsaturated |
| Alkynes | Contain a Carbon Carbon triple bond and a functional group; the simplest is ethyne; the carbon is unsaturated |
| Aromatic | 6 member carbon ring with 3 double bonds; very stable; the functional group is called a benzene ring |
| Organohalogen Compounds | ORganic Compounds that contain one or more halogen atoms (I, Cl, Br, F); Haloalkanes are the most common anesthetic |
| Alcohols | A hydroxly (OH-) is the functional group; the simplest is Methynol |
| Phenol | An aromatic Alcohol; the hydroxl fuctional group extends from a benzene ring |
| Ethers | Two Alkyl Groups that are bridged by an oxygen; most anesthetics are halogenated ethers |
| Amines | Contain a functional group that is derived from NH3 (R3N); large number of medications are amines (dopamine, ketamine, epinephrine) |
| Amine Acid/Base Considerations | A strong base that will accept a proton from a strong acid to form its conjugate acid (this is called an amonium salt and it's more soluble in H20 than the freebase form; by controlling the pH of the medium, you can control the solubility of many meds. |
| Carbonyl Group | Carbon that is Double bonded to an Oxygen (C=O) |
| Aldehyde | An alkyl group that is bonded to a carbonyl group (see actual card) |
| Ketone | 2 Alkyl groups bonded to a corbonyl group (see actual card) |
| Carboxilic Acid | Contain a Carboxyl Group (COOH) see actual card |
| Amide | Derived from an amine and Carboxilic acid (see actual Card |
| Cycloalkane | Ring shaped hydrocarbon with only single bonds |
| Isoflurarne IUPAC name | 1-chloro 2,2,2 trifluoethyl 1,1 difluromethyl ether (see actual card) |
| Desflurane IUPAC Name | difluromethyl 1-fluro 2,2,2 trifluroethyl ether |
| Sevoflurane IUPAC Name | Fluromethyl 2,2,2-trifluro-1-[trifluromethyl] ethyl ether |
| Local Anesthetic Functional Groups | Amides (have 2 I's in the name) Esters (have 1 I in the name) |
| Benefit of haogenating Alkanes anesthetic Gases | They are less flammable |
| Enflurane and Isoflurane | They are isomers. Same chemical structure and weight, but have different phyical properties |
| What kind of compound are Iso, Des, and Sevo? | Methyl ethyl ethers |
| Ester Functional Group | COO |
| Aldehyde Suffix | -al |
| Ketone Suffix | -one |
| ester suffix | -ate |
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SRNA84
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