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Joints and Movements
Labs 11 & 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Immovable joints | Synarthroses |
| Slightly movable joints | Amphiarthroses |
| Freely movable joints | Diarthroses |
| Bones joined by fibrous tissue | Fibrous joints |
| Where irregular edges of bones interlock and are united by very short connective tissue fibers. | Sutures |
| Joints that articulating bone ends are connected by a plate or pad of cartilage. | Cartilaginous joints |
| Joint where bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage. | Symphyses |
| Joint where bony portions are united by hyaline cartilage. | Synchondroses |
| Joints in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. | Synovial joints (Tip: All synovial joints are diarthroses aka freely movable) |
| Contains synovial fluid. | Joint cavity |
| Produces synovial fluid. | Synovial membrane |
| Lubricating fluid in synovial joint cavities | Synovial fluid |
| Covers the surface of the bones forming the synovial joint. | Articular (hyaline) cartilage |
| Part of the articular capsule which holds bursae (fluid filled sacs that reduce friction where tendons cross bones). | Fibrous capsule |
| Typically reinforced with ligaments and may contain bursae. | Articular capsule |
| Examples: Intercarpal and intertarsal joints; vertebrocostal joints of ribs. Articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved, allowing sliding movements in 1 or 2 planes. | Plane (Gliding) joint |
| Examples: Elbow and interphalangeal joints. The rounded process of one bone fits into the concave surface of another to allow uniaxial movement, usually flexion and extension. | Hinge joint |
| Examples: Proximal radioulnar joint and joint between Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2). Rounded or conical surface of one bone articulates with a shallow depression or a foramen in another bone. Allow for uniaxial rotation. | Pivot joint |
| Examples: The radiocarpal (wrist) joint, metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles). The oval condyle of one bone fits into an ellipsoidal depression in another bone, allowing biaxial movement. | Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) joint |
| Examples: Joint between the thumb metacarpal and the trapezium of the wrist. Articulating surfaces are saddle-shaped; the articulating surface of one bone is convex, and the reciprocal surface is concave. Biaxial. | Saddle joint |
| Examples: Shoulder and hip joints. The ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a cuplike depression in another. These are multiaxial joints, allowing movement in all directions and pivotal rotation. | Ball and socket joint |
| A movement, generally in the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and reduces the distance between the two bones. | Flexion |
| A movement that increases the angle of a joint and the distance between two bones or parts of the body (straightening the knee or elbow); the opposite site of flexion. | Extension (Tip: Extensions greater than 180 degrees are termed hyperextension) |
| Movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, generally on the frontal plane, or the fanning movement of fingers or toes when spread apart. | Abduction |
| Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body or drawing the fingers or toes together. | Adduction |
| Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis without lateral or medial displacement. | Rotation |
| Movement of the palm of the hand from an anterior or upward-facing position to a posterior or downward-facing position. | Pronation (Tip: Occurs when the distal end of the radius moves across the ulna) |
| Movement of the palm from a posterior position to an anterior position (the anatomical position) | Supination (Tip: Occurs when the radius and ulna are parallel) |
| A movement of the ankle joint in a dorsal direction (standing on one's heels). | Dorsiflexion |
| A movement of the ankle joint in which the foot is flexed downward (standing on one's toes or pointing the toes) | Plantar flexion |
| Articulating bones: Cranial and facial bones Structural type: Fibrous; suture Functional type: Synarthrotic; no movement | Joint: Skull |
| Artic- bones:Temporal bone of skull and mandible Struct- type:Synovial; modified hinge (contains articular disc) Func- type:Diathrotic; gliding and uniaxial rotation; slightly lateral movement, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction of mandi | Joint: Temporo-mandibular |
| Articulating bones: Occipital bone of skull and atlas Structural type: Synovial; condyloid Functional type: Diathrotic; biaxial flexion, extension, lateral flexion, circumduction of head on neck. | Joint: Atlanto-occipital |
| Articulating bones: Atlas (C1) and axis (C2) Structural type: Synovial; pivot Functional type: Diarthrotic; uniaxial; rotation of the head | Joint: Atlantoaxial |
| Articulating bones: Sternum and rib 1 Structural type: Cartilaginous; synchondrosis Functional type: Synathrotic; no movement | Joint: Sternocostal (first) |
| Articulating bones: Sternum and ribs 2-7 Structural type: Synovial; double plane Functional type: Diarthrotic; gliding | Joint: Sternocostal |
| Articulating bones: Scapula and humerus Structural type: Synovial; ball and socket Functional type: Diathrotic; multiaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation of humerus | Joint: Shoulder (glenohumeral) |
| Articulating bones: Ulna (and radius) with humerus Structural type: Synovial; hinge Functional type: Diarthrotic; uniaxial; flexion, extension of forearm | Joint: Elbow |
| Articulating bones: Radius and ulna Structural type: Synovial; pivot Functional type: Diathrotic; uniaxial; rotation of radius around long axis of forearm to allow pronation and supination | Joint: Radioulnar (proximal) |
| Articulating bones: Radius and ulna Structural type: Synovial; pivot (contains articular disc) Functional type: Diathrotic; uniaxial; rotation (radius moves around ulna in ulnar notch of radius) | Joint: Radioulnar (distal) |
| Articulating bones: Pubic bones Structural type: Cartilaginous; symphysis Functional type: Amphiarthrotic; slight movement (enhanced during pregnancy) | Joint: Pubic symphysis |
| Articulating bones: Hip bone and femur Structural type: Synovial; ball and socket Functional type: Diarthrotic; multiaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction of thigh | Joint: Hip (coxal) |
| Articulating bones: Femur and tibia Structural type: Synovial; modified hinge (contains articular discs) Functional type: Diarthrotic; biaxial; flexion, extension of leg, some rotation allowed | Joint: Tibiofemoral (knee) |
| Articulating bones: Femur and patella Structural type: Synovial; plane Functional type: Diathrotic; gliding of patella | Joint: Femoropatellar (knee) |
| Articulating bones: Tibia and fibula (proximally) Structural type: Synovial; plane Functional type: Diathrotic; gliding of fibula | Joint: Tibiofibular (proximal) |
| Articulating bones: Tibia and fibula (distally) Structural type: Fibrous; syndesmosis Functional type: Synathrotic; slight "give" during dorsiflexion | Joint: Tibiofibular (distal) |
| Articulating bones: Tibia and fibula with talus Structural type: Synovial; hinge Functional type: Diathrotic; uniaxial; dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion of foot | Joint: Ankle |
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