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BIO202 Midterm
Rio Salado chapter 16 endocrine system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major Endocrine organs of the body? | Pituitary, Hypothalamus, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenals, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis. |
| Endocrine System | Interacts with nervous system to control and integrate activity of body cells. |
| What are hormones? | Chemical messengers that bind to cellular receptors. They are released into bloodstream to be transported through the body. |
| What are Endocrine glands? | Produces hormones and releases them into surrounding tissue fluid, lacks ducts. Arranged in cords and branching networks. |
| What are Exocrine glands? | Produces non-hormonal substances like sweat and tears and get routed to the membrane surface. |
| Endocrine glands are stimulated to manufacture and release by? | Humoral, Neural, and Hormonal stimuli. |
| What is Humoral Stimuli? | Negative feedback response to changes in blood levels. ex: Levels in blood calcium drop and the parathyroid secretes parathyroid hormone PTH |
| What is Neural stimuli? | Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release. ex: Sympathetic system stimulates adrenal medulla to release catecholamines*norepinephrine and epinephrine* during times of stress. |
| What is hormonal stimuli? | Releases hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs. ex: Hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones which stimulates other endocrine glands to release hormones. |
| Pituitary Gland | Seated in the Sella Turcica of the sphenoid bone. Connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum "stalk" and secretes at least 9 hormones. |
| Posterior Pituitary | Composed of pituicytes and nerve fibers. Releases hormones already made from hypothalamus and is actually a storage area. Releases Oxytocin and ADH |
| Anterior Pituitary | (adenohypophese)Composed of glandular tissue. Manufacturers TSH,FSH,LH,ACTH,GH,PRL |
| Thyroid Gland | Butterfly shaped, largest pure endocrine gland, located in anterior neck on trachea inferior to larynx. Produces thyroid hormone TH (T3 and T4) and Calcitonin. |
| Parathyroid Gland | Hidden by posterior aspect of thyroid. Produces Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
| Adrenals | Perched on top of Kidneys enclosed in fibrous capsule and cushion of fat. Inner part Adrenal Medulla secretes Epinephrine and outer Adrenal cortex produces Aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone. |
| Pineal Gland | Tiny pine cone shaped, and hangs from rood of third diencephalon. Secretes melatonin. |
| The Thymus | Located deep to the sternum in the thorax. Produces peptide hormones Thymopoietins, Thymic factor, Thymosins. |
| Up regulation | Target cells form more receptors in response to rising blood levels of the specific hormones. |
| Down regulation | Involves loss of receptors. The prolonged exposure to high hormone concentration desensitizes target cells so they respond less vigorously. |
| Half life | The length of time it takes a hormone's blood level to decrease by half. |
| Three types of hormone interaction? | Permissiveness, Synergism, Antagonism. |
| How are hormonal secretions controlled? | Negative feedback system Gland A releases hormone into the bloodstream which stimulates secretion of gland B. Hormone B is released into bloodstream and acts on target cell. Hormone B inhibits gland A. |
| What is Cyclic AMP | Starts with hormone acting as 1st messenger and binding to receptor on plasma membrane. The receptor then changes shape and binds to G protein. G protein is activated by the GDP displaced by GTP. G binds to adenlyte cyclase which generates cAMP. |
| Direct gene activation | Steroid hormone diffuses through plasma membrane, and binds to receptor chaperin in nucleus. The receptor leaves and the hormone binds to DNA sequence. |
| Connection between pituitary and hypothalamus? | The Hypothalamus manufacturers hormones and sends them down the nerve bundle hypothalamic hypophyseal track. The anterior pituitary is connected vascularly by primary capillary plexus. |
| GH-pituitary gland | Growth hormone stimulates growth of tissue especially skeletal muscle and bone. May act indirectly via insulin growth factors, mobilizes fat, stimulates protein sythesis, inhibits glucose uptake and metabolism. |
| Hypersecretion of GH-pituitary | causes gigantism in children and acromaly in adults. |
| Hyposecretion of GH-pituitary | causes pituitary dwarfism in children. |
| TSH-pituitary | thyroid stimulating hormone. promotes normal development and activity of thyroid. TRH stimulates release and negative feedback of TH inhibits it. |
| FSH and LH-pituitary | Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Regulates functions of gonads in each sex. FSH stimulates sex cell production and LH stimulates gonadal production. |
| PRL-pituitary | prolactin promotes milk production in humans. prompted by PRH and inhibited by PIH |
| Oxytocin-pituitary | triggers uterine contractions and labor and delivery and milk ejection. Released by hypothalamus and is example of positive feedback. |
| ADH-pituitary | Antidiuretic hormone stimulates kidney tubes to reabsorb and conserve water. Released in response to high solute concentrations and inhibited by low solute concentrations in blood. |
| Hyposecretion of ADH -pituitary | diabetes insipidus |
| TH-thyroid gland | includes thyroxine T4 and triiodothyrine T3 increases rate of cellular metabolism, oxygen use, and heat production. |
| secretion of TH-thyroid gland | prompted by TSH involves uptake of stored colloid by follicle cells and splitting of hormones from colloid for release. RIsing levels of TH feed back to inhibit pituitary and hypothalamus |
| Graves disease | hypersecretion of TH. abnormal antibodies mimic TSH which makes stimulates continuous TH release symptoms are sweating, weight loss, nervousness, and elevated metabolic rate. |
| Hyposecretion of TH | causes cretinism in infants and myxedema in adults. |
| Calcitonin-thyroid gland | produced by parafollicular C cells of thyroid in response to rising calcium levels in blood. Depresses blood levels by inhibiting bone matrix absorption and enhancing calcium deposits in bone. |
| PTH-parathyroid gland | causes increase in blood calcium levels by targeting bone, intestine, and kidneys. |
| Hyperparathyroidism | hypercalcemia and extreme bone wasting. |
| Hypoparathyroidism | hypocalcemia shown by tetany and respiratory paralysis |
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