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Disease of Blood Ves
Disease of Blood Vessels and Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Polycythemia | : Too many RBC’s, low plasma volume causes causes blood to become more concentrated, Most often found in obese, stressed, hypertensive people. |
| Leukopenia: | Due to decreased granulocytes, failing bone marrow, associated with immunodeficiency diseases. |
| Anemia and hemolytic anemia | Anemia: Lack of hemoglobin, Hemolytic Anemia: Destruction of RBC’s |
| Anemia and Hemolytic anemia Symptoms | Hemolytic anemia: increased ldh, low blood hepatoglobin, increased blood bilirubin, |
| Congenital heart defects – shunts Left to Right | Most common, atrial septa defect, ventricular septa defect, patent ductus arteriousus |
| Congenital Heart Defects- Shunts Right to Left | Tetralogy of fallot, transposition of great vessels |
| Congenital Heart Defects Shunts Symptoms | DA and PDA: Normal during fetal development, DA connects pulmonary artery to aortic arch, blood from RV bypasses compressed lung of fetus, at birth lungs open and pulmonary resistance decrease, DA closes |
| Tetraology: | 1.) aortic valve is misplaced downward, opens very close to septa defect. 2.) Ventricluar septal defect 3.) Pulmonary stenosis 4.) Right ventricular hypertrophy |
| Aortic regurgitation | Incompetent aortic valve causing regurgitation of blood flow from aorta to LV during ventricular diastole |
| Aortic Regurgitation Causes: | Rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disorder, iatrogenic, during valvotomy, traumatic impact to chest. |
| Aortic Regurgitation Symptoms: | Fatigue, weakness, short of breath, chest pain discomfort with exertion, fainting, irregular rapid pulse, heart palpitations, swollen feet or ankles. |
| Aortic stenosis | Narrowing of the aortic valve causing obstruction of blood flow from LV to aorta during ventricular systole. |
| Aortic Stenosis Causes | Rheumatic heart disease, congenital, most common age related calcification. |
| Aortic Stenosis Complications | Pulmonary edema, left-sided heart failure. |
| Aortic Stenosis Symptoms: | Angina, chest tightness, light-headed, short of breath, fatigue, heart palpitations, heart murmur Signs: Low volume, weak pulse, left ventricular hypertrophy, syncope, |
| Aortic Stenosis Treatment: | Valve replacemnet, treat underlying symptoms. |
| Mitral Regurgitation: | Incompetence of the mitral valve causing regurgitation to blood flow from LV and LA during ventricular systole. |
| Mitral Regurgitation Causes: | Rheumatic heart disease, congenital mitral valve prolapse, connective tissue disorder, acute mitral regurgitation, myocardial infarction, ineffective endocarditis |
| Mitral Regurgitation Complications: | Left sided heart failure, from vlo overload, ineffective endocarditis |
| Mitral Regurgitation Symptoms: | Dyspnea on exertion, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, heart palpitations |
| Mitral Regurgitation Treatment | Mitral valve replacement, treat underlying symptoms. |
| Mitral stenosis | Narrowing of mitral valve causing obstruction to blood flow from LA to LV during ventricular diastole |
| Mitral stenosis causes | Rheumatic heart disease, congenital |
| Mitral stenosis complications | Atrial Fibrilation, thromboembolism, heart failure |
| Mitral stenosis symptoms | Fatigue, short of breath, swollen feet or ankles, heart palpitations, frequent respiratory infections, heavy cough, blood tinged sputum, chest discomfort and pain. |
| Mitral stenosis treatment and tests | Diagnostic test 2-D echocardiogram Treatment Treat the underlying medical conditions, amoxicillin, mitral valvotomy, valvuloplasty, valve replacement |
| Congestive heart failure cause pathology | Most common cardiac muscle damage, less common valve defect, Heart compensates before it fails, heart hypertrophy, ventricles stretch, Heart becomes hard. |
| Congestive heart failure left sided symptoms | Left: Dyspnea, prominent pulmonary veins, enlarged cardiac silhouette, wet lung sounds, increased HR, mitral regurgitation, artial fibrillation |
| Congestive heart failure right sided symptoms | Right: Distended neck veins, foot and genital edema, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, peritoneal and pleural effusion |
| Congestive heart failure risk factors compensated and uncompensated | Uncompensated heart failure: ventricles are stretched out, less forceful contraction Compensated Failure: Ventricles dilate, more forceful contraction |
| Rheumatic fever | Acute: 1 wk to 10 days after strep, more common in children 5-15, usually self limiting Chronic: Autoimmune attacks occur, subclinical, Valvulitis is the first sign. Patients rarely have a history of acute rheumatic fever. |
| Rheumatic Fever how is strep involved? | Autoimmune disease that occurs following a strep infection. |
| Rheumatic fever complications | Fibrosis and calcification of valves, leading to stenosis, and regurgitation |
| Rheumatic fever risk factors | Strep, children, 5-15, low soc status, developing countries, damp moist environments, lack of med treatment |
| rheumatic fever public health | Decreased incidence rate fell 39% |
| Myocardical Infarction Symptoms | Angina, retrosternal pain, radiating pain entire chest, back, jaws, and both arms and left hand. Sweating, restlessness, vomiting, bradychardia, hypotension, fever, ECG changes |
| Myocardial Infarction Treatment | Bypass, angioplasty |
| Hypertension | High: 140/90 Prehypertension: 120/80 to 139/89 Normal: 119/79 |
| Hypertension Pathological Consequence | Cardiomegaly (enlarged heart; typically left ventricular hypertrophy) Concentric hyperplasia Renal Ischemia, Hypertensive encephalopathy (stroke), papilloedema (optic disc swelling. |
| Hypertension Risk Factors | Obesity, being male, or post-menopausal woman, elevated LDL and tryglycerides, decreased HDL |
| Hypertension Treatment | Behavioral modification, dash diet, increased PA, stress reduction, weight loss and medication, surgery. |
| Hypertension Public Health | Males are more affected and females post-menopausal. 25 % are on hypertension meds. Blacks are more affected. |
| Atherosclerosis | Deposit of fatty substance, cholesterol, Ca, fibrin, build up in inner lining. Vessels narrow and harden, flow is impeded and reduced. Can cause ischemia |
| Artherosclerosis Symptoms | Vary by site of artherosclerosis-describe Exaggerated inflammation to injury. |
| Artherosclerosis Risk Factors | Modifiable: Smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, Inactivity, stress, high carb diet Non-modifiable: Age, gender, family history |
| Artheroslerosis tests | Calcium scoring + others |
| Artherosclerosis Public Health | Women are more affected after 80yrs. |
Created by:
eknugent
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