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Chapter 1 & 2 Test
Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Goal of Science | to investigate and understand the natural world, to explain events in the natural world, and to use those explanations to make useful predictions |
| Science | an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world: "Science"="Body of Knowledge" |
| Observation | process of gathering information about events or precesses in a careful, orderly way |
| Data | the information gathered from observations |
| Inference | logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience |
| Hypothesis | proposed scientific explanation for a set of observations. They are tested by preforming controlled experiments or gathering more data. |
| Spontaneous Generation | idea that life could arise from nonliving matter |
| Controlled experiment | an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time. All other variables are kept unchanged/controlled |
| Manipulated Variable | the variable that is deliberately changed |
| Responding variable | the variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable |
| Redi's Experiment | meat in jars: flies=maggots? controlled variables: jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time Manipulated variables: gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat Responding variables: whether maggots appear Conclusion: maggots form w/flies on |
| Needham's Experiment | tests Redi's experiment: gravy in open/closed flask-microorganisms? said that spontaneous generation can occur under the right conditions |
| Spallanzani's Experiment | tests Redi's experiment: same experiment as Needham concluded that nonliving gravy did not produce living things |
| Pasteur's Experiment | tests Redi's experiment: broth in flask (sealed and not sealed) concluded that all living things come from other living things: proved Redi incorrect |
| Theory | evidence from numerous investigations that forms a well-supported hypothesis: a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
| Characteristics of Living Things | made of cells reproduce based on universal genetic code grow/develop obtain/use materials/energy homeostasis evolve |
| Biology | study of life: "Bios"="life" and "-olgy"="study of-" |
| DNA | basic genetic code |
| Cell | smallest unit of an organism that can be considered alive |
| Homeostasis | maintaining a stable internal environment according to the external environment |
| Evolve | to grow and develop over time |
| Sexual reproduction | 2 parents of an organism |
| Asexual reproduction | 1 parent of an organism |
| Stimuli | organisms that detect and respond from their environment |
| Stimulus | a signal to which an organism responds |
| Metabolism | combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up/breaks down materials |
| Biosphere | part of Earth that contains all ecosystems |
| Ecosystem | community and its nonliving surroundings |
| Community | populations that live together in a defined area |
| Population | group of organisms of one type that live in the same area |
| Organism | Individual living thing |
| Groups of Cells | tissues, organs, organ systems |
| Molecules | groups of atoms: smallest unit of most chemical compounds |
| Metric System | used when collecting data and performing experiments: a decimal system of measurements whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10 |
| Microscopes | devices that produce magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye |
| Light Microscope | produce magnified images by focusing visible light rays |
| Electron Microscope | produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons: needs to be dead |
| Compound Light Microscope | allow light to pass through the specimen and use 2 lenses to form an image: can be dead or alive |
| Cell Culture | group of cells from a single original cell |
| Cell Fractionation | technique used by scientists to separate the different cell parts |
| Atom | the basic unit of matter |
| Subatomic Particles | make up the atom: proton (+), neutron (N), and electron(-) |
| Nucleus | center of the atom where protons and neutrons are binded together |
| Electron | negatively charged particle: they are in constant motion outside of the nucleus: there are an equal amount of electrons and protons in an atom-being neutral: can be shared or transfered from atom to atom |
| Element | pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain: because they have the same number of electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties |
| Compound | substance formed by the chemical combination of 2+ elements in definite properties |
| 2 main types of bonds | covalent bond and ionic bond |
| Ionic Bond | formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| Ions | positively and negatively charged atoms |
| Covalent Bonds | formed when electrons are shared between atoms |
| Molecule | smallest unit of most compounds |
| van der Waals forces | intermolecular forces of attraction in bonds between molecules |
| Polar Water Molecule | it is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms |
| Cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| Adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances |
| Mixture | material composed of 2+ elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined |
| Solution | ions gradually become dispersed in water, forming this type of mixture |
| Solute | the substance that dissolves |
| Solvent | the substance in which the solute dissolves in |
| Suspension | mixtures of water and nondissolved material |
| pH scale | measurement system that indicates the concentration of H+ ions: ranges from 0-14 |
| Acid | any compound that forms H+ ions in solutions: contain higher concentration of H+ ions that pure water and have pH values of below 7 |
| Base | compound that produces OH- ions in solutions: contain lower concentrations of H+ ions that pure water and have pH values above 7 |
| Buffers | weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH |
| Monomers | make up polymers |
| Polymers | formed by monomers |
| 4 groups of organic compounds | carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins |
| Carbohydrate | compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (ratio of 1:2:1)-They are used as a main source of energy and for structural purposes |
| Monosaccharides | single sugar molecules that are found in many fruits |
| Polysaccharides | large monosaccharides formed by monosaccharides |
| Lipids | large and varied group of biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water: can be used to store energy |
| Nucleic Acids | macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus: polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides |
| Nucleotides | consists of 3 parts-a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base: can be joined by covalent bonds to form nucleic acids: can store and transmit hereditary/genetic information |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid: contains the sugar ribose |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid: contains the sugar deoxyribose |
| Proteins | macromeolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen: polymers of molecules called amino acids |
| Amino Acids | compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end: control the rate of reaction, regulate cell processes, form bones and muscles, transport substances into or out of cells, help fight disease |
| Chemical Reaction | process that changes/transforms one set of chemicals into another: always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds: release energy often occur spontaneously: absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy |
| Reactants | elements/compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| Products | elements/compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
| Activation Energy | energy that is needed to start a reaction |
| Catalyst | a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| Enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts: speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells |
| Substrates | reactants of enzyme-catalyst reactants |
Created by:
rschmuckler
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