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Earth

Earth Test

QuestionAnswer
How are rocks classified? By how they are formed
The three types of rocks are sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic.
Igneous rock forms when magma (liquid rock) cools on the surface of the earth or deep within the earth.
Magma that reaches the surface of the earth is called lava.
Cooled and hardened lava is called igneous rock. Examples of igneous rocks are granite and obsidian
On the Earth’s surface, rocks are changed by weathering and erosion.
The products of weathering include clay, sand, and rock fragments.
These products are soon moved by water and wind.
Erosion is the wearing away and removing of these rock
Erosion can be caused by wind, ice, running water, and waves.
Weathered and eroded pieces of rock are called sediments.
Examples of sedimentary rocks are limestone, sandstone, and conglomerate.
As a sedimentary rock is covered by more and more layers of sediment, it is pushed deeper and deeper into the earth and begins to heat up
After many years of heat and pressure, the sedimentary rock changes into metamorphic rock
Examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss and slate.
Weathering is when rocks and other materials on the Earth’s surface are constantly being broken down
Eventually, great pressures inside the earth push the metamorphic rock deeper into the earth or up to the earth’s surface.
Metamorphic rock that is pushed deep into the earth changes into magma, which will eventually erupt out of a volcano
Metamorphic rock that is pushed deep into the earth changes into magma, which will eventually erupt out of a volcano to form igneous rock.
The metamorphic rock that is pushed up to the earth’s surface during earthquakes is
Heat and pressure inside the earth and weathering and erosion on the surface of the earth cause rocks to change from one type to another over time.
Scientists have learned about the age of the Earth by studying rocks and the remains of plants and animals preserved in rocks.
Plants and animals preserved in rocks are called fossils.
Fossils provide scientists with evidence about life on Earth, present and past.
Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks are formed when small pieces of rock, called sediments, are dropped by water,wind, or ice and build up in layers. These layers eventually harden and turn into rock.
Organic materials were once living organisms.
Many fossils form when plants and animals die and are quickly buried by clay, sand and other sediments.
Fossils can give us clues about how the Earth’s surface has changed over many years.
Rocks found in the Coastal Plain of Virginia contain fossils of ocean organisms.
One time in the distant past, the eastern part of Virginia was under the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.
Most of the rocks in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Mountains of Central Virginia are metamorphic (created by enormous pressure) or igneous (hardened magma or lava or volcanic ash). These rocks contain very few fossils.
Scientists tell us that the Earth is made up of four layers.
The outer layer of the Earth is called the crust. This is the part of the Earth we live on.
The crust is very thin compared to the other three layers. It is between 3 miles and 25 miles thick, and is primarily made up of soil and rocky materials like granite.
Beneath the crust is the layer known as the mantle. The mantle is approximately 1800 miles thick. It is the largest layer.
Temperatures in the mantle are so hot the rocks found there move or flow like theconveyor belt that moves your groceries to the cash register at the grocery store.
Also located in the mantle are pockets of magma that occasionally erupt upward through the Earth’s crust.
When magma reaches the surface it is called lava.
Under the mantle is the outer core layer.
The outer layer is 1400 miles thick and extremely hot.
The outer layer is so hot that the nickel and iron found there are melted into a thick liquid state like pudding.
At the very center of the Earth is the inner core layer.
The inner core is an 800-mile thick ball of solid iron and nickel.
Temperatures and pressures increase as we move from the crust toward the inner core of the Earth.
Heat and pressure cause (1) magma from the mantle erupts from a volcano; (2) the flowing rocks of the mantle cause the crust to move and earthquakes occur; (3) the flowing rocks of the mantle cause the continents to move across the surface of the Earth.
Large continent-sized blocks called tectonic plates are driven by this heat to move slowly about the Earth’s surface.
Tectonic plates are not connected to one another but move freely about. These These plates bump, push, and scrape past the plates around them.
The edges, or boundaries, of plates are called faults. Most volcanoes and earthquakes occur at these faults
When plates push together a convergent boundary is formed.
Convergent boundaries cause mountain ranges, such as the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia, to rise up from the Earth’s surface.
Miles below in the Earth’s oceans, however, convergent boundaries force plates downward instead of upward and deep trenches are formed.
When plates move apart a divergent boundary is formed.
Most divergent boundaries occur on the ocean floors of the Earth. At these boundaries, magma rises up between the two separating plates forming volcanoes and mountain ranges deep under water called mid-ocean ridges.
Most ofEarth’s new crust comes from the magma that erupts from these divergent boundaries and the volcanoes they create.
When plates slide past each other horizontally, sliding, strike-slip, or transform boundaries are formed.
Transform boundaries grind against each other causing earthquakes. One such boundary is located on the west coast of the United States. That boundary causes earthquakes in the state of California.
Created by: Creamers
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