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Biochemistry 8th
study guide for physical science and biology final exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atomic number | number of protons |
| Atomic mass | number of protons and neutrons |
| Octet rule | only 8 valence electrons |
| Ionic Bond | a bond between a non-metal and a metal, transfer of electrons |
| Covalent Bond | a bond between 2 non-metals, sharing of electrons |
| pH | percent hydrogen |
| Organic Chemistry | must contain carbon atoms |
| Inorganic Chemistry | does not contain carbon atoms |
| Hydroxyl | -OH, alcohol |
| Carbonyl | =O, aldehydes and ketones |
| Carboxyl | =O and -H, Carboxylic acids |
| Amino | =O and -OH, Amines |
| Sulfhydryl | -SH, thiols |
| Phosphate | PO4-2, organic phosphates |
| Proton | a positively charged subatomic particle |
| Sublimation | the state changes from a solid to a gas |
| Law of Conservation of Mass | mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction |
| Isotopes | same element but different number of neutrons |
| Isomers | same chemical formula but different structure |
| Saturated | has only single bonds |
| Unsaturated | has at least 1 double or triple bond between the carbons |
| hydrocarbons | organic molecules containing only H and C |
| Polymer | large molecule consisting of many subunits |
| Monomer | 1 subunit |
| macromolecules | large organic polymer |
| Condensation or Dehydration Synthesis | remove water to make polymers |
| Hydrolysis | add water to break polymers |
| exergonic | release energy |
| endergonic | absorb energy |
| Carbohydrates | molecules that store energy and are used as building materials, have 20-30 monosaccharides |
| Monosaccharides | single sugar, may have 3-8 carbons |
| disaccharides | double sugar |
| polysaccharides | many sugars (8-1000) |
| cellulose | major component of plant cell walls |
| chitin | polymer of an amino sugar |
| Proteins | large 3D macromolecules responsible for most cellular functions |
| Enzymes | catalysis that speed up a chemical reaction |
| Conformation | the 3D shape of a protein is determined by its amino acid sequence |
| Denaturation | process which alters native conformation |
| Nucleic Acids | store and transmit hereditary information for all living things, DNA and RNA |
| Gene | a specific segment of a DNA molecule with information for a cell to make 1 polypeptide |
| Lipids | fats, phospholipids, and steroids |
| Activation Energy | minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
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