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Nature Science
Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| empirical evidence | the observations, measurements, and other types of data that people gather and test to support and evaluate scientific explanations. |
| theory | the explanation for some phenomenon that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning; that is supported by a large quantity of evidence; and that does not conflict with any existing experimental results or observations. |
| law | a descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions. |
| experiment | an organized procedure to study something under controlled conditions. |
| hypothesis | a testable idea or explanation that leads to scientific investigation. |
| dependent variable | in a scientific investigation, the factor that changes as a result of manipulation of one or more independent variables. |
| observation | the process of obtaining information by using the senses; the information obtained by using the senses. |
| independent variable | in a scientific investigation, the factor that is deliberately manipulated. |
| data | Information gathered by observation or experimentation that can be used in calculating or reasoning. |
| model | A pattern, plan, representation, or description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept. |
| engineering | The application of science and mathematics to solve real-life problems. |
| technology | The application of science for practical purposes; the use of tools, machines, materials, and processes to meet human needs. |
| prototype | A test model of a product. |
| trade-off | The giving up of one thing in return for another, often applied to the engineering design process. |
| risk benefit analysis | The comparison of the risks and benefits of a decision or product. |
| life cycle analysis | The evaluation of the materials and energy used for the manufacture, transportation, sale, use, and disposal of a technology. |
| pugh chart | A table used to compare the features of multiple items, such as technological products or solutions. |
| earth system | All of the nonliving things, living things, and processes that make up the planet Earth, including the solid Earth, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. |
| geosphere | The mostly solid, rocky part of Earth; extends from the center of the core to the surface of the crust. |
| hydrosphere | The portion of Earth that is water. |
| cryosphere | One of the earth's spheres where water is in solid form, including snow cover, floating ice, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheet, and frozen ground permafrost. |
| atmosphere | A mixture of gases that surrounds a planet, moon, or other celestial body. |
| biosphere | The part of Earth where life exists; includes all of the living organisms on Earth. |
| energy budget | The net flow of energy into and out of a system. |
| air pressure | The measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface. |
| thermosphere | The uppermost layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases. |
| mesosphere | 1. The strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core, 2. The layer of the atmosphere between the stratosphere and the thermosphere and in which temperature decreases as altitude increases. |
| stratosphere | The layer of the atmosphere that lies between the troposphere and the mesosphere and in which temperature increases as altitude increases; contains the ozone layer. |
| troposphere | The lowest layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature drops at a constant rate as altitude increases; the part of the atmosphere where weather conditions exist. |
| ozone layer | The layer of the atmosphere at an altitude of 15 to 40 km in which ozone absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation. |
| greenhouse effect | The warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases absorb and reradiate energy. |
| temperature | A measure of how hot or cold something is; specially , a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object. |
| thermal energy | The total kinetic energy of a substance's atoms. |
| thermal expansion | An increase in the size of a substance in response to an increase in the temperature of the substance. |
| heat | The energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures. |
| radiation | The transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves. |
| convection | The movement of matter due to differences in density; the transfer of energy due to the movement of matter. |
| conduction | The transfer of energy as heat through a material. |
| wind | The movement of air caused by differences in air pressure. |
| Coriolis effect | The curving path of a moving object from an otherwise straight path due to Earth's rotation. |
| global wind | The movement of air over Earth's surface in patterns that are worldwide. |
| jet stream | A narrow band of strong winds that blow in the upper troposphere. |
| local wind | The movement of air over short distances; occurs in specific areas as a result of certain geographical features. |
| ocean current | A movement of ocean water that follows a regular pattern. |
| surface current | A horizontal movement of ocean water that is caused by wind and that occurs at or near the ocean's surface. |
| deep current | A stream like movement of ocean water far below the surface. |
| convection current | Any movement of matter that results from differences in density; may be vertical, circular, or cyclical. |
| upwelling | The movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface. |
Created by:
Kyle Julien
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