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Unit 10 Vocabulary

QuestionAnswer
Earth system Earth system means viewing our planet as a single, unified whole made up of interacting, connected parts rather than a loose collection of separate pieces.
Geosphere the solid, non-living part of the Earth that includes the crust, mantle, core, rocks, soils, and all surface land forms.
Hydrosphere hydrosphere is the total amount of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet.
`Cryosphere all the parts of Earth where water is in a solid, frozen state.
atmosphere An atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds a planet or celestial body and is held in place by gravity.
biosphere In science, the biosphere is the global ecological system made up of all living organisms and the parts of Earth where life exists.
energy budget An energy budget in science is an accounting system that tracks all energy entering, moving through, and leaving a specific physical or biological system.
air pressure air pressure is the physical force exerted by gas molecules in the air as they push against a surface, while pressure energy is the potential energy a fluid or gas has because of that pushing force.
thermometer Measures tempetures.
mesosphere The mesosphere is the third layer of Earth's atmosphere, sitting directly above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere, where "meso-" means middle.
stratosphere The stratosphere is the second-lowest major layer of Earth's The Stratosphere, sitting right above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.
troposphere troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, extending from the ground up to about 5 to 12 miles (8 to 20 kilometers) high.
ozone layer a region in Earth's stratosphere that contains a high concentration of ozone gas and absorbs most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation.
green house effect greenhouse is a glass or plastic building used to grow plants by trapping heat from the sun, which inspired the scientific term greenhouse effect used to describe how Earth's atmosphere traps warmth.oo
temperature In science, temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the tiny particles that make up matter.
thermal energy the total internal kinetic and potential energy of the moving atoms and molecules that make up a substance or system.
thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in size—increasing in length, area, or volume—in response to a rise in temperature.
heat heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object or system to a cooler one due to a difference in temperature.
radiation radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
convection the transfer of heat through the movement of heated fluids like liquids or gases.
conduction the transfer of heat or electrical energy through direct physical contact between atoms and molecules.
wind In science, wind means the natural movement of air or other gases relative to a planet's surface.
coriolis effect In science, the word Coriolis refers to the Coriolis force and the Coriolis effect, which describe how the rotation of a frame of reference (like Earth) bends the path of moving objects.
global wind are large-scale movements of air that blow in steady, predictable patterns across long distances around the entire Earth.
jet stream jet stream in science is a fast-flowing, narrow current of strong winds that circles high above the Earth in the upper atmosphere.
local wind A local current in science—most commonly used in physiology and neuroscience—refers to a restricted, short-range flow of charged ions moving parallel to a cell membrane.
ocean current An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of seawater that flows in a regular pattern through the ocean
surface current A surface current is a continuous, directed movement of ocean water that occurs in the upper layer of the ocean,
deep current deep current is a slow-moving stream of water far below the ocean's surface that is driven by differences in water density rather than by the wind.
convection current convection current is a continuous circular pattern of movement in a fluid (a liquid or a gas) caused by differences in temperature and density.
upwelling In science—specifically oceanography—upwelling is
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