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Grammar
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| verb | an action or state of being word |
| Interrogative Pronoun | introduces a question who, what, when, where, how |
| Preposition | specifies location |
| Phrase | a group of words that contributes meaning but does not contain both a subject and a predicate |
| Modal Verb Passive Voice | [Object] + [modal verb] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [Subject] |
| Defining Relative Clause | clause that gives essential information on the subject; needed for the meaning of the sentence |
| Comma Splice | when two independent clauses are only separated by a comma |
| Misplaced Modifiers | a grammatical error that occurs when the modifying word or phrase is not placed next to the word it is describing |
| Clause | a phrase that contains a subject and a verb |
| Exclamatory Sentence | a sentence that expresses emotion. |
| Pronoun | replaces a noun |
| Compound-Complex Sentence | two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause |
| Reflexive Pronoun | refers to the subject and directs the verb's action back to the subject |
| Direct Object | the nouns or pronouns receiving the action |
| Noun Phrase | a group of words that act as a noun in a sentence; includes a noun and words that modify the noun |
| Active Voice | the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence, and the thing receiving the action is the object. |
| Participle Phrase | a phrase that modifies a participle – a term with a verb ending in “-ed” or “-ing” – to serve as an adjective |
| Demonstrative Pronoun | this, that, these, those |
| Writing Conventions | basic rules of written language, including grammar, spelling, capitalization, and punctuation |
| Subject | the part of a sentence that performs the action or is described by the verb |
| Transitional Words | words or phrases that connect ideas, sentences, or paragraphs to help writing flow smoothly and clearly |
| Indirect Object | the nouns or pronouns affected by the action |
| Complex Sentence | an independent clause and a dependent clause |
| Capitalization | the action of starting a word with a capital letter to signify a certain characteristic |
| Gerund Phrase | a type of appositional phrase that modifies a gerund (or verb+ing) and behaves like a noun |
| Compound Sentence | two independent clauses joined by a comma and coordinating conjunction |
| Past Tense Passive Voice | [Object] + [was/were] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [Subject] |
| Noun Clause | dependent clause that functions as a noun |
| Adjective | a word that describes a noun |
| Parallel Structure | the repetition of specific grammatical structures within a sentence or a paragraph |
| Infinitive Phrase | Includes that infinitive (to + verb) and the additional words that serve as the object of modifiers in the phrase |
| Relative Pronoun | connect dependent clauses to main clauses, and provide more information about a noun or pronoun who, whom, which, that, whose, where, when |
| Antecedent | the behavior, event of circumstance immediately preceding an observed behavior by a student |
| Punctuation | marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning. |
| Imperative Sentence | sentence that gives a command or request |
| Subordinating Conjunction | a conjunction used at the beginning of a subordinate clause |
| Adverb | a word that describes a verb |
| Independent / Main Clause | clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence |
| Future Tense Passive Voice | [Object] + [will / "to be" going to] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [Subject] |
| Declarative Sentence | a sentence that makes a statement or gives an opinion |
| Present Perfect Passive Voice | [Object] + [have/has] + [been] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [Subject] |
| Syntax | rules that govern the construction of words in order to make phrases, clauses, and sentences |
| Subject/Verb Agreement | present-tense verbs should match their subjects in number |
| Coordinating Conjunction | connects two clauses |
| Prepositional Phrase | a phrase that describes the relationship between a noun and a pronoun or another word in the sentence |
| Indefinite Pronoun | refer to a non-specific person, place, or thing |
| Appositive Phrase | restates a preceding term by expanding upon it or explaining it in a qualifying statement between two commas |
| Interjection | a very short sentence that conveys strong emotions |
| Passive Voice | the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence, and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence |
| Present Continuous Passive Voice | [Object] + [is/are] + [being] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [Subject] |
| Reciprocal Pronoun | indicates a mutual or reciprocal action by the subjects of the verb |
| Split Infinitive | occurs when an adverb or other modifier is placed between the word to and the base form of a verb |
| Personal Pronoun | refers to the one speaking (first person), the one spoken to (second person), or the person spoken about (third person) |
| Simple Sentence | a sentence containing one subject and one verb or one independent clause |
| Present Tense Passive Voice | [Object] + [is/are] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [Subject] |
| Verb Phrase | a type of appositional phrase that modifies a verb |
| Dangling Modifiers | a grammatical error that occurs when the modifying phrase is missing the word it intends to describe |
| Interrogative Sentence | a sentence that asks a question |
| Dependent / Subordinate Clause | clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction but cannot stand alone as a sentence even though it contains a subject and verb |
| Direct Address | used to set off a person's name or title |
| Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement | pronouns need to match their antecedent (noun) in person, number, and gender |
| Oxford Comma | the final comma before and or or in a list |
| Sentence Purposes | a sentence's goal; to express a statement, give a command, ask a question, or show emotion |
| Intensive Pronoun | emphasizes a noun or another pronoun; not essential to the sentence's meaning; usually found right after the pronoun it's modifying |
| Noun | a person, place, or thing |
| Modifier | a word, phrase, or clause that provides additional information about another word adjectives, adverbs |
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