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Rhetoric
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Author's Attitude | how an author feels towards a specific subject |
| Evidence Sufficiency | whether the evidence is strong and specific enough to support the claim |
| Narration | to tell a story about an event |
| First Person | tells the story from the narrator's perspective |
| Recurring Theme | the repetition of a theme/image throughout the story to symbolize meaning. |
| Ergo Propter Hoc | when a conclusion is made that lacks a basis in facts |
| Hasty Generalization Fallacy | when a broad claim is made based on too few observations |
| Tone | the author's attitude or feelings toward the subject, characters, or audience, conveyed through their choice of words, style, and perspective; sets the emotional atmosphere of the text, influencing how readers interpret and feel about the story |
| Main Idea | the central point of the passage |
| Loaded Words | terms with strong positive or negative connotations |
| Third-Person Omniscient | narrator is outside of the story, but understands the motivations and actions of all characters |
| Color | the emotions and associations evoked by the colors used |
| Argumentative Writing | writing meant to persuade the reader to agree with the conclusions of the author |
| Desired User Image | technique that plays upon the types of people viewers want to be--athletes, sex symbols, productive workers, caring mothers--and suggests that a particular product or service will help them achieve become that type of person |
| Satire | the use of humor or exaggeration to critique human nature or a character |
| Author's Purpose | the general reason an author writes a text (persuade, inform, entertain, explain) |
| Point of View | the style of narration used to tell a story |
| Composition | the arrangement of media elements |
| Logical Appeal | using figures, graphs, statistics, historical analogues, or studies to persuade an audience from a fact-based perspective |
| Audience (Rhetorical Situation) | the intended recipient of a written or verbal communication |
| Verbal Irony | contrast between what is said and what is meant |
| Political Media | media aimed at presenting information with a political agenda to influence voters |
| Post Hoc Fallacy (False Cause) | when someone argues that something happened as a consequence of another event |
| Slippery Slope Fallacy | when someone insists a minor action or event is responsible for a long chain of events |
| Red Herring Fallacy | irrelevant point placed into an argument to throw off the reader or viewer |
| Argumentation | to prove the author’s point through reasoning and evidence |
| Shape | the subtle associations created by shapes used |
| Symbol | recurring images with an associated meaning |
| False Equivalence Fallacy | claiming two things are equivalent when they are not. |
| Reliable Source / Credible Source | information presented in a professional way, with a formal tone, includes source documentation, and author and/or publisher information. |
| Fallacy | illegitimate argument or irrelevant point that doesn’t have evidence |
| Social Media | media that connects people by providing a space to communicate, discuss ideas, and share content |
| Testimonial | a person’s written or spoken statement that articulates the benefits of a product |
| Circular Reasoning Fallacy | using the conclusion as evidence for the argument, creating a loop without proof |
| Ad Hominem Fallacy | when an argument is directed toward a person’s character instead of the person |
| False Dilemma (Either/Or) Fallacy | presenting two options as the only possibilities when more exist |
| Caricature | a drawing or description that humorously exaggerates certain features or traits of a person or thing, often for comic or satirical effect |
| Bandwagon Fallacy | appeals to popularity, suggest that the majority’s opinion or preference is valid |
| Straw Man Fallacy | when someone undercuts another person’s argument, but they didn't make that argument |
| Appeal to Authority | using someone’s status, position, or background as a way to persuade an audience |
| Point of View | the perspective presented and its purpose |
| False Analogy / False Causation | is when it is assumed that because two things happened together, one caused the other |
| Appeal to Authority Fallacy | claiming something is true because an authority or expert says so without providing further evidence |
| Realized User Image | an advertisement that recognizes who someone is and suggests that they fit the consumer role that product fills |
| Exigence (Rhetorical Situation) | the problem or situation that prompted the speaker to write the text |
| Relevant Evidence | evidence that directly supports the author's claim by clearly connecting to the point they are making and strengthening the argument |
| Bias | prejudiced feelings, outlooks, or leanings toward or against a particular person, race, ethnicity, age, or group, often without considering others' opinions or perspectives |
| Rhetorical Situation | context that shapes an argument: speaker, purpose, audience, context, and exigence; guides the author's language and persuasive choices |
| Speaker (Rhetorical Situation) | the author of the text |
| Logical Fallacy | an error in reasoning that undermines an argument |
| Expert Opinion | using a person or group that is considered knowledgeable to persuade an audience |
| Context (Rhetorical Situation) | the social and historical circumstances in which a text is created and received |
| Political Cartoons | an illustration or comic that uses humor, satire, or symbolism to comment on political events, social issues, or public figures |
| Commercial Media | media designed to persuade consumers to purchase products or services |
| Content | the language used, including rhetorical devices and persuasive appeals |
| Author's Argument | the particular goal behind a text |
| Third Person | relates information or events using third person pronouns such as "he", "she, and "they" |
| Situational Irony | discrepancy between what happens and what the reader expects to happen |
| Pronoun | replaces a noun |
| Connotation | the implied meaning of a word; the feeling a word conveys |
| Symbolism | an object stands for an idea or a greater meaning |
| Denotation | a literal, dictionary meaning of a word |
| Second Person | used mostly in instructional texts where the narrator is speaking to the reader |
| Dramatic Irony | when the audience/reader knows something the character does not |
| Rhetorical Question | a question asked for effect rather than an answer |
| Rhetorical Appeal | a strategy of persuasion that seeks to convince an audience, most often through credibility, emotion, or logic |
| Claim (Argumentation) | the position being taken in the argument; the thesis |
| Emotional Appeal | using strong language to persuade an audience by evoking feelings |
| Irony | an incongruity between what the reader expects the author to mean and what they actually mean |
| Exposition | to explain or inform about a topic |
| Understatement | when the author minimizes a significant point for effect |
| Foreshadowing | the narrator or character hints at a future plot point |
| Figurative Language | a word or phrase that does not have its normal everyday, literal meaning |
| Third-Person Limited | narrator is outside of the story and has limited access to the minds and motivations of characters |
| Evidence (Argumentative Writing) | factual information that supports the speaker's claim(s) in argumentation |
| Mode of Rhetoric | the purpose of communication |
| Description | to vividly describe the topic in a way that enables the reader to picture it |
| Equivocation | occurs when two different things are called the same name |
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