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Gen Biology Exam 3
Ch. 4,5,6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| made flattened sacs called cisternae. continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope. | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Tubules (structure), NO ribosomes attached, and biological membrane. | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| 1)ER and outer membrane of the nuclear envelope 2)Golgi apparatus 3)lysosomes 4)various vacuoles (storage site) and vesicles (shuttles) 5)plasma membrane | Endomembrane system |
| makes up at least half of all the membrane | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins | Biosynthetic Factory (ER) |
| 1)lipid biosynthesis (oils, phospholipids, steroids) 2)metabolism of carbohydrates 3)detoxification of drugs and poisons | Smooth ER functions |
| Most secreted and membrane boud proteins made in the ER. Folded and modifidied in the lumen of the ER. | Rough ER functions |
| 1)glycosylation 2)phosphorylation-S,Y,T amino acids | Types of modification in the Rough ER |
| Protein that is glycosylated in the Rough ER | Glycoproteins |
| shipping and receiving center of the cell -products of the ER modified further and stored or shipped -cisternal maturation model | Golgi apparatus |
| Recycling center. -membrane bound organelle that is filled with hydrolytic enzymes | Lysosome |
| Disease in the lysosome | Tay sacks |
| Plays a role in renewing cellular components | Autophagy (in the Lysosome) |
| Plant cells: maintenance compartments | Large vacuoles |
| -food vacuole -contractile vacuole (water balance) | Types of Large Vacuoles |
| large membrane-bound structure. Part of the plant's EMS | Central Vacuole |
| Structure is Surrounded by the tonoplast,Forms by fusion of vesicles, and Unique solution | Structure for Central Vacuole |
| -storage for pigments and poisons -storage for ions. K+, Cl- -disposal site -storage for organic compounds | Types of Functions for Central Vacuole |
| Convert energy into forms a cell can use - they have DNA, chromosomes are circular -Ribosomes | Mitochondria and Chloroplast |
| is the site of cellular respiration. ATP energy | Mitochondria |
| is the site of photosynthesis | Chloroplast |
| Both have more than one membrane -2 membranes. outer is smooth. inner is folding. -3 membranes | Mitochondria and Chloroplast |
| Oxidation site | Peroxisome |
| Reduction-oxidation | Redox reactions |
| specialized compartment for carrying out Redox Reactions on oxygen | Peroxisome |
| structural support and highway system | Cytoskeleton |
| 3 types of fibers: 1) microtubules (biggest) dynamic 2)intermediate filaments (permanent) 3)microfilaments (dynamic) | Cytoskeleton fibers |
| 1) mechanical support a)help maintain cell shape b)help fix structures in place 2)motility a)intracellular movements (vessicle) b)cellular movements (cilia and flagella) 3)regulation of biochemical properties | Rules of Cytoskeleton |
| a)found in the Cytoplasm b)hollow rod >thickest in diameter c)made of Tubuln | Microtubules |
| Functions: 1. Maintain cell shape 2. cell motility ucilia and flagella 3. chromosome movement 4. organelle movement | Microtubules |
| (9-3) organization, 9 triplets of microtubules. Structurally iddentical to a centriole; anchors the flagella in the cell. | Basal body (of the microtubules) |
| smallest in diameter, made of actin, and solid rods consisting 2 intertwinded strands of actin polymers | microfilaments |
| Functions: a) maintain cell shape b)change cell shape c) muscle contraction d) cytoplasmic streaming e)cell motility (pseudopodia) f)cell division (cell clequage function) | Microfilaments |
| static 1)maintain cell shape 2)anchor organelles (nucleus in place) 3) nucleur lamina (maintain nucleus cell shape; keratins: nails and hair, strong fibers) 4)cell to cell connections: intercellular junctions (plants plasmodesmatas) | Intermediate Filaments |
| 3 types in animals (intercellular junctions) -neighboring cells have a strong seal between the cells | tight junctions |
| 3 types in animals (intercellular junctions) -"anchoring junctions" -fasten cells together into sheets -keratin is an important protein in the desmosome | Desmosomes |
| 3 types in animals (intercellular junctions) -a cytoplasmic channel made of membrane proteins -allows for sharing between cells -ions, sugars | Gap junctions: communicating junction |
| syntesized by the cell and then secreted, delivered by the endomembrane system | Extracellular matrix |
| very strong and composed of Cellulose and other Sugars | Cell wall of a plant cell |
| organization: 1)primary cell wall- thin and flexible laid down first 2)middle lamella- thin layer (pectins) between a neighboring cells 3)secondary cell wall- laid down in thick strong layers | Cell wall of a plant cell |
| main part: glycoproteins -collagen -fibronectin -integrins -proteoglycans | animal cells |
| glycoproteins; most abundant | collagen |
| glycoprotein; attaches to membrane bound proteins (integrins) | fibronectin |
| proteins that span plasma membrane, connect inside and outside environments | integrins |
| more sugars than protein | proteoglycans |
| 1)phospholipids- main, amphipathic 2)proteins- properties 3)carbohydrates- indentification tags 4)cholesterol- temperature buffer | Biological membrane |
| fluidity of the biological membrane: two faces of a biological membrane- topography | The fluid mosaic model |
| a protein in the biological membrane: penetrates the hydrophobic core of the membrane | integral protein |
| a protein in the biological membrane: not embedded; but associate with embedded components | peripheral protein |
| 1)transport- carriers and channels 2)enzymatic activity 3)signal transduction- messenger and receptor, message from outside to inside 4)cell to cell recognition- glycoproteins 5)intercellular joining 6)attachment to the EMC or cytoskeleton | Membrane protein functions |
| helps move things in or out of th cell - channels and carriers | transport proteins |
| provide hydrophilic passage across membrane | Channels |
| have shape changes when binding cargo | Carriers |
| no energy used to mke a substance | Passive transport |
| things move from high concentration to low concentration, (passive transport) motion of molecules | Diffusion |
| energy is used (ATP)to move a substance against a concentration gradient | Active transport |
| carrier or channel. protein assisted transport. (active transport) | Facilitated Diffusion |
| diffusion of a SOLVENT across a selectively (H2O) membrane. Movement of H2O from where solutes less concentrated to where solutes are more concentrated. (passive transport) | Osmosis |
| diffusion of a SOLUTE across the selective membrane | Dialysis |
| ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose H2O | Tonicity |
| -SAME solutes in a solution and cell -LESS solutes " " " -MORE solutes " " " | -Isotonic -Hypotonic -Hypertonic |
| movement of chaged and/or large molecules down their concentration gradient | facilitated diffusion |
| pressure from the cell wall. cell rigid. | turgor pressure |
| turgid or firm plant cell | hypotonic |
| flaccid (limp) | isotonic |
| plasmolysis- pulling away of membrane from the ceell wall | hypertonic |
| provides a passage way across the membrane : aquaporin, and ion channels (gated) | channels (f.d.) |
| undergo shape change to move cargo; specific | carriers |
| sodium out and potassium in. ATP needed | sodium-potassium pump |
| electical charge across the plasma membrane | membrane potential (s.p.p.) |
| for ions, movement from more to less concentration | chemical gradient |
| for ions, electrochemical gradient | electrical gradient |
| movement of 2 substances at the same time | Co-transport |
| transport 2 molecules in the same direction | symporters |
| transport 2 molecules in opposite directions | antiporters |
| formation of vesicles to move things in or out of the cell | Bulk transport |
| movemement out of the cell | exocytosis (B.T.) |
| phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated | Endocytosis |
| cellular eating. cell taken in is particulate | phagocytosis |
| cellular drinking. liquid is taken in. common among animal cels | pinocytosis |
| specific shape in receptor. molecules transported into eukaryotic cells | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| total chemical processes of a cell | metabolism |
| breakdown reactions | catabolic |
| build up reactions | anabolic |
| organizational units of metabolism- the elements an organism controls to achieve coherent metabolic activity | Biochemical pathways |
| study of how an organism uses its energy resources | Bioenergetics |
| the capacity to do work or cause change | energy |
| the branch if chemistry concerned with energy changes | Thermodynamics |
| stored energy | potential energy |
| energy of motion | kinetic energy |
| energy can be transferred or transformed; but not created or destroyed | First Law of Thermodynamics |
| With every energy transformation, disorder of the universe increases (entropy) | Second Law of Thermodynamics |
| the matter under study: everything else in the universe: no energy or matter exchange between system and surroundings: Opposite of closed: | -System -Surroundings -Closed system -open system |
| quantitative measure of disorder. S symbol | Entropy |
| a measure of the portion of a system's energy that can perform work. | Free energy |
| equal to the energy contained in a molecule's chemical bonds | Gibbs free energy |
| total amount of energy (H) | enthalpy |
| gve up total energy (-H), increase disorder (+S), both | For a reaction to be spontaneous (-G) |
| increase total energy, decrease disorder, both | For a reaction to be non-spontaneous (+G) |
| gives off energy, -G, spontaneous, decrease in free energy | Exergonic Reaction |
| energy input, +G, non-spontaneous, increase in free energy (G) | Endergonic Reaction |
| the extra energy needed to desstabilize existing chemical bonds and initiate a chemical reaction. enzymes lower this. | activation energy |
| the process of influencing chemicl bonds in a way that lowers the activation energy needed to initiate a reaction | catalysis |
| powers almost every energy-requiring process in cells. 3 phosphates, ribose sugar, nitrogenous base. | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
| breakdown of ATP(exergonic)is used to drive endergonic reactions | Energy Coupling |
| proteins that are biological _______: speeds u reactions but is not consumed (lowers activation enery) | Enzymes: Catalyst |
| 1) cannot change G of a reaction. 2)can't make an endergonic reaction exergonic. 3)can speed up reaction. 4)very selective- shape of enzyme | What Enzymes do |
| the reactant(s) an ezyme acts on | substrate |
| region on the surface that binds to a substrate | active site of the enzyme |
| compatability between active site and substrate | specifity of the enzyme |
| occurs when the chemical groups of a substrate interact with the amino acids of the active site (shape change, allusteric change) | Induced fit |
| 1)substrate enters active site of enzyme (induced fit). 2)substrate held in place by weak interactions 3)active site lower Ea by one or more of the following. 4)substrated converted to product. 5)product released... | ENZYME CYCLE |
| 1)temperature. 2)pH-7. 3)concentration. 4)cofactors- non-protein helpers of an enzyme (vitamins), coenzymes. 5)inhibitors | Things that effect enzyme activity |
| 1)Reversible- weak binding of inhibitor a)Competitive- binds to active site. b)non-competitive- binds somewhere else to cause enzyme to change shape. 2)Irreversible- covalent attachment | Two types of inhibitors (effect enzyme activity) |
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