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patho week 6
imbalances in fluid, electrolytes, acids, and bases
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Know the different fluid compartments. | intracellular (ICF) and extracellular (ECF) (interstitial, intravascular, transcellular fluids). |
| Know generalized edema vs localized edema and examples. | generalized edema - systemic; ie. anasarca. localized edema - isolated to a region; ie. ascites. |
| Know which type of patient is at most risk for hypernatremia. | dehydration, fluid volume deficit, NPO, aldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome. |
| Know the organ to monitor during long-term potassium deficits. | kidneys. |
| Know the causes of hypokalemia. | low K intake, GI or renal disorders, diarrhea, GI drains, laxative abuse. |
| Know heart findings when a patient has hyperkalemia. | increased risk of cardiac arrest. |
| Know the potassium and pH findings when a patient has renal failure. | K = high pH = low metabolic acidosis |
| Know the findings (i.e., pH, CO2, HCO3) in respiratory acidosis. | pH = low pCO2 = high (greater difference than pH) pHCO3 = NA |
| Know the findings (i.e., pH, CO2, HCO3), in respiratory alkalosis. | pH = high pCO2 = low (greater difference than pH) pHCO3 = NA |
| Know the manifestations of dehydration. | increased temp., hypotension/ortho., thready pulse, tachypnea, hypoxia, dizziness, syncope, increased thirst, n/v, anorexia, oliguria. |
| Know the manifestations of hypokalemia (memorize the normal range) | normal range: 135-145mEq; deceased K intake, increased K into cells, increased loss of K from diarrhea/laxative abuse. |
| Know skin tenting. | s/s of dehydration; tested around the clavicle. |
| Know the acid-base imbalances seen in acute kidney injury like metabolic acidosis. | pH = low (greater difference than CO2) pCO2 = low pHCO3 = NA |
| Know the manifestations of fluid overload. | tachycardia, HTN, tachypnea, bounding pulse, ALOC, seizures, weakness, crackles in the lungs, cough, SOB/dyspnea, ascites, increased peristalsis, distended neck veins, peripheral edema, cool/boggy skin. |
| Know the fluid replacement to provide adequate hydration to HEALTHY people. | normal saline (NS) 0.9%. |
| Know the causes of metabolic alkalosis. | vomiting. |
| Know the causes of metabolic acidosis (e.g., diarrhea vs. vomiting). | diarrhea. "ACIDOSIS = ASS" |
| Know the expected result of the urine specific gravity in a patient who has fluid volume deficit. | greater than 1.030 |
| Know hyperkalemia and the importance of ECG. | causes increased risk for cardiac arrest, muscle irritability, restlessness, diarrhea, cramping, poor muscle tone; a/e: tissue damage, MI. ECG monitors electrical function of heart to guide treatment. |
| normal pH range | 7.35-7.45 |
| normal pCO2 range | 35-45mmHg |
| normal pHCO3 range | 22-28mmHg |
| normal Na range | 135-145mEq/L |
| normal K range | 3.5-5mEq/L |
| normal urine specific gravity (USG) | 1.005 - 1.030 |
Created by:
ssydneynw
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