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eChapter 5 Science
I gave patient stupid drug!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Crust | Outermost layer of Earth. It is solid and very thin compared to the other layers and is mainly composed of oxygne, silica and aluminium. |
| Mantle | Layer underneath the crust and mostly consists of oxygen, silica and magnesium. |
| Lithosphere | The crust and solid upper-mantle together; Earth's tectonic plates |
| Aesthenosphere | The layer of Earth near the top of the mantle, just below the lithosphere. It contians rock that is described to behave plastically as it can bend or change shape under pressure without breaking. |
| Outer core | Liquid layer of Earth's interior, mainly made of iron and nickel |
| Inner core | Extremely hot, solid ball made of iron and nickel at the Earth's centre |
| Distribution of heat energy in the Earth | The movement of the outer core's liquid helps distribute heat to the mantle and the crust. The heat energy itself comes from the inner core. |
| Rocks are made up of... | One or more minerals. |
| Minerals | Naturally occuring, inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. |
| Streak | The colour of powder produced when a mineral is dragged across a streak plate. The streak colour is consistent and useful for identification, while the colour of the mineral itself varies due to surface impurities and weathering. |
| Lustre | The shine given off from a material caused by reflected light. Can range from metallic to non-metallic. |
| Transparency | How well light can pass through a mineral. Categorised into three levels: transparent, translucent (e.g. frosted glass) and opaque. |
| Hardness | Measures how difficult it is to scratch a mineral. Measured with Mohs hardness scale where minerals are ranked 1-10 for their hardness. Hardness is tested by scratching the mineral with a reference object of known hardness. |
| Cleavage | The tendency of a mineral to break along smooth, flat surfaces. |
| Foliation | Repetitive layering in metamorphic rocks |
| Density | How much mass is contained in a given volume. Gold is dense. |
| Electrical conductivity | Describes how freely electrons can move within a material. Copper has a high electrical conductivity, making it useful for wiring. |
| How is colour and lustre useful? | They affect the aesthetic appeal of minerals, influencing their use in jewellery and decoration |
| Factors affecting cost or value of mienrals | Rarity, supply, demand, extraction costs, marketing conditions |
| Weathering | The physical, chemical and biological processes that break down and weaken rocks into smaller pieces |
| Physical weathering | -Wind can carry rock particles, damaging the surface of other rocks -Rocks expand/contract due to temperature changes and crack. -Water enters rocks, expands when it freezes then cracks, breaking rocks |
| Crystalisation and physical weathering | When salt water evaporates, salts form crystals inside rocks through crystallisation. Pressure from the crystals break some parts of the rock |
| Chemical weathering | Water dissolves chemicals from the surrounding soil and air. These chemicals may then react with a rock, causing it to crack or change. |
| Biological weathering | Caused by plant or tree root forces splitting larger rocks. Plant roots also release acids and enzymes that travel through rocks. |
| Erosion | Different to weathering, erosion moves rock particles elsewhere by the action or movement of gravity, ice, water and wind |
| Deposition | The settling of broken rock material to form sediments, usually after erosion |
| Magma | Very hot molten rock. It is less dense than the surrounding rock, so it rises through the cracks. |
| Lava | Magma when it reaches the surface |
| Extrusive igneous rock | Igneous rock that forms on the Earth's surface. They cool very quickly as the lava is exposed to air or water. |
| Intrusive igneous rock | Igneous rock that forms below the Earth's surface. They cool slowly because they cool underground and they have large crystals because of the slow cooling rate. |
| Igneous rock | Rock formed when lava crystallises. The mineral crystals interlock like a jigsaw, producing very hard rock. |
| Characteristics of extrusive igneous rocks | -Large crystals don't have time to grow, so the crystals are microscopic -They may have a bubbly texture due to trapped bubbles of gas within the lava when it cooled rapidly |
| Porphyritic | The texture of intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks that have crystals of various sizes. |
| Formation of porphyritic igneous rocks | Formed from rising magma. Larger crystals develop first as the magma cools slowly underground, then, as it erupts, it creates microscopic grains. |
| Sedimentary rock | Rock made from sediments being compacted and cemented together. They are formed at the bottom of large bodies of water and in deserts and caves. |
| Sediments | Small particles of weathered rock or crystals left behind when a solution has evaporated |
| How are sedimentary rocks formed? | (Compaction) Sediments layer on top of one another, pushing down on underlying sediments. This squeezes out excess water, and a compact structure forms. (Cementation) Other minerals in the water bind sediments together and make the rock more solid. |
| Clastic sedimentary rocks | Formed when the sediments are laid down by wind, water, gravity or ice and then compacted and cemented. May contain broken pieces of other rocks, layers of sediments, no crystals or grains that don't interlock. |
| Chemical sedimentary rocks | Formed when minerals that are dissolved in water crystalise within sediments or when water evaporates, leaving behind a build-up of sediment that forms a rock. They are quite soft, contrary to hard igneous rocks. |
| Biogenic sedimentary rocks | Formed by the compaction and cementation of dead plant or animal matter e.g. coal. Some sediments may come from weathered rock. Biogenic rocks may be soft but some are hard. They are formed in layers and may contain fossils. |
| Metamorphic rock | Rock formed when large amounts of heat energy or pressure changing the properties of other rocks. |
| Regional metamorphism | The rock is altered by both heat and pressure, usually occurring over large areas due to the collision of tectonic plates |
| Contact metamorphism | The rock is altered mostly by heat, usually occurring over smaller areas due to magma intruding into rock |
| Dynamic metamorphism | The rock is altered mostly by pressure, often occurring in a small area where crustal rocks scrape past each other |
| Rock cycle | A model geologists use to explain the endless cycle of change that rocks udnergo |
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