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Biology
Class XI ISC
| Name the Characteristics of a Living Organism | 1.Cellular Structure 2.Metabolism 3.Growth 4.Movement 5. Nutrition 6.Respiration 7. Excretion 8.Reproduction 9.Conciousness 10. Adaptation 11.Homeostasis 12.Variations 13.Lifespan 14.Death |
| Types of Cellular Structure | Unicellular(Modern: acellular): Organisms represented by one cell Multicellular: organisms with many cells |
| Metabolism | Sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occuring inside the body of an individual. |
| Types of Metabolism | Catabolism: Destructive phase of metabolism where large particles are broken down into smaller particles Anabolism: Constructive phase of metabolism where small particles combine to form a large particle. |
| Growth | The irreversible increase in the dry weight of the protoplasm in an individual |
| Movement | Locomotion from one place to another in animals and tropic movement in plants |
| Types of Nutrition | Autotrophic in plants and Heterotrophic in animals |
| Nutrition | Intake and use of nutrients |
| Respiration | Catabolic process of oxidation of food to release energy in the form of ATP |
| Name the 2 types of Respriartion | Aerobic Anaerobic |
| Excretion | Removal of metabolic waste from the body. |
| Reproduction | Production of new individuals of the same kind by living organisms |
| Conciousness | All living organisms can sense and respond to external and internal stimuli. It is also known as Irritability. |
| Stimulus is perceived by _______ is higher organisms and ____________ in lower organisms. | sense organs protoplasm |
| Adaptation | The change in form, function and behaviour of an organism which allows it to overcome seasonal fluctuations and survive under changing environmental conditions. |
| Homeostasis | Ability of an individuals body to maintain a constant internal environment. |
| Variation | Living organisms show variation in its organisation which gradually gives rise to new species |
| Lifespan | All living organisms have a definite lifespan from birth till natural death. |
| Death | After completeing its lifespan , an organism dies. It is necessary to prevent overcrowding and interspecific competition. |
| Classification | The practice of placing living organisms into distinct groups based on their similarities and differences |
| Need for classification | 1.Arranging into groups 2.Makes studying convenient 3.Identifying by comparing 4. Indentifying evolutionary relationship 5.Identity agreement 6.Interpreting and studying of fossils |
| Systematics | Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms. |
| Taxonomy | The theory and practice of naming, describing and classifying all life. |
| Name the 3 domains of life | Archaea Bacteria Eukarya |
| Distinguish 3 domains on the basis of cell membrane structure | Archaea: branched hydrocarbon chains Bacteria: unbranched fatty acid chains Eukarya: unbranched fatty acid chains |
| Distinguish 3 domains on the basis of reaction to antibiotics | Archaea: Not affected by antibiotics Bacteria: Sensitive to anitbiotics Eukarya: Resistent to antibiotics |
| Distinguish 3 domains on the basis of type of rRNA | Archaea: Unique and distinctly different rRNA Bacteria: 70S type Eukarya: 80S type |
| Name all taxa | Domain Kingdom Phylum/Division Class Order Family Genus Species |
| What are the criteria used to divide into 3 domains | Cell membrane structure, nucleotide, rRNA , Sensitivity to antibiotics. |
| Name the two Prokaryotic Domains | Archaea Bacteria |
| Another name for Archaea | Extremophiles |
| What are the three types of Extremophiles | 1.Methanogens: produces methane gas(marsh,swamps,cattle) 2.Halophile: require extremely salty environment 3. Thermophile: requires very high temperatures from 60- 110*C(hot sulphur springs,deep sea hydrothermal vents) |
| Name 5 types of Bacteria | 1.Proteobacteria: enteric bacteria(E.Coli) 2.Cyanobacteria: Photosynthetic blue green bacteria 3.Eubacteria:(bacillus) 4.Chalmydias(parasite) 5.Spirochaetes (spiralbacteria) |
| Name the 4 kingdoms of Domain Eukarya | 1. Protista: single celled eukaryocytes 2. Fungi: multicellular heterotrophs . Cells walls made of chitin. 3. Plantae: Multicellular autotrophs. Cell walls made of cellulose 4.Animalia: Multicellular heterotrophs. No cell wall. |
| Examples for Kingdom Protista | Amoeba Euglena Pramaecium |
| Examples for Kingdom Fungi | Mushrooms Bread mould Yeast |
| Examples for Kindom Plantae | Ferns Conifers Flowering Plants |
| Examples for Kingdom Animalia | Jellyfish Sponges Humans Insects |
| Name the 3 different types of Taxonomy | Cytotaxonomy Chemotaxonomy Numerical taxonomy |
| Cytotaxonomy | Classifying organisms by the comparitive study of their chromosomes and DNA structure |
| Chemotaxonomy | Classifying on the basis of similarities in the structure of biomolecules among organisms |
| Numerical Taxonomy | Classifying on the basis of the number of similar observable features between organisms. |
| Who first proposed "Species"? | John Ray |
| Species | A group pf individuals which can interbreed among themselves and produce fertile offsprings |
| Name all Phyla | Porifera Cnideria Ctenophora Platyhelminthus Achelminthus Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca Echindodermata Hemichordata Chordata |
| Who introduced Binomial Nomenclatures? What was the name of his book? | Carolus Linnaeus Systema Naturae |
| Rules for Binomial Nomenclature | 1. 2 words: Genus(capital), species(small) 2.Names derived from dead, unchanging languages(Greek, Latin) 3.Printed in italics, handwritten -underlined separately 4.No 2 species can have same binomial name |
| Name 4 tools for toxonomic study | Biological Museums Herbaria Botanical Gardens Zoological Parks |
| Biological Museums | Systematic records of dead plant or animal specimen preserved in a jar or stuffed. Crucial for studying old and extinct organisms. |
| Herbaria | Collection of preserved, dried and pressed plant specimens on sheets arranged sequentially based on taxonomic heirarchy for reference. |
| Uses of Herbaria | Identification Imparts knowledge Cytochemical studies |
| Botanical Gardens | Institutions maintaining living plant specimens for reference, conservation and ecological restoration |
| Zoological Park | Protected environments for living animals. They act as repositeries for threatened wildlife and allow study of animal behavior and breeding habits. |
| Taxonomic Keys | Keys use two contrasting characters (couplet). Each choice made is called a Lead. |
| Use of Taxonomic Keys | Used for identifying unkown organisms based on similarities and differences. |
| Name the 3 main systems of classification | Artificial System Natural System Phylogenetic System |
| Artificial System of Classification | Based on one or few morphologically observable characteristics. |
| An example for artificial system of classification | Aristotle classifying organisms on the basis of the colour of their blood. |
| Natural System of Classification | Based on a large number of characters( anatomy, embryology, phytochemistry) to group closely related taxa. |
| Who proposed Natural System of Classification | Michael Andenson |
| Phylogenetic System of Classification | The modern standard. Based on evolutionary relationhsips represented through branching phylogenetic trees. |
| Who proposed Phylogentic System of Classification | Engler and Prantl |
| Define a taxon | A rank/level of classification |
| Father of taxonomy | Carolus Linnaeus |
| ICZN | International Code for Zoological Nomenclature |
| ICBN | International Code for Botanical Nomenclature |
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