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CR & PHS

Unit 3&4 VCE Biology

TermDefinition
coenzyme molecule that helps enzymes to function, transferring energy/electrons/protons/H+ between reactions
light dependent stage 1st stage of photosynthesis, occurs in the grana and uses light energy to split water into H+ (to load NADP) and oxygen
lactic acid fermentation anaerobic respiration/fermentation that occurs in the cytosol of animal cells to break down glucose into 2 ATP and 2 lactic acid, using NADH
NAD/NADH coenzyme in its unloaded/loaded state, used in cellular resp to carry H+ (protons) and electrons between reactions in the cell
C3 plant found at low temperatures & high humidity. CO2 fixation and calvin cycle occur together in the mesophyll in the light independent stage
photorespiration process that occurs in plants where O2 binds with rubisco instead of CO2 binding, lowers rate of photosynthesis (more likely to occur at higher temperatures)
rubisco enzyme involved in photosynthesis, responsible for fixing CO2 in the light independent stage
kreb's cycle 2nd stage of aerobic respiration, occurs in mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate is further broken down, producing 2 ATP, NADH & releasing CO2
aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen glucose is broken down to produce 30 - 32 ATP, occurs in the mitochondria (glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + 30 or 32 ATP)
CAM plant plant found at temperatures >40.C; low humidity Adapted to close its stomata during the day to conserve water, CO2 is fixed at night to prevent photorespiration
mitochondria site of aerobic respiration, contains mitochondrial matrix & mitochondrial cristae as well as its own mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes
Biofuel produced from biomass; for example bioethanol is produced from the fermentation of biomass
light independent stage 2nd stage of photosynthesis, occurs in the stroma where CO2 is fixed by rubisco and used along with H+ (from NADPH) to form glucose
CRISPR-Cas9 genetic engineering tool used to edit the genetic sequence; can be used to improve efficiency of photosynthesis
photosynthesis carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen (in the presence of chlorophyll and radiant energy)
C4 plant found at high temps in high humidity. Adapted to fix CO2 in mesophyll and perform rest of light independent stage in bundle sheath, to prevent photorespiration
Biomass organic material (such as manure, waste, corn husks) that is used in fermentation to produce biofuel
glycolysis 1st stage of cellular respiration, occurs in cytosol, glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 2 ATP & 2 NADH
chloroplast site of photosynthesis, contains the thylakoid membrane/grana & the stroma as well as its own chloroplast DNA and ribosomes
NADP/NADPH coenzyme in its unloaded/loaded state, used in photosynthesis to carry H+ (protons) and electrons between reactions in the cell
cellular respiration break down of glucose to produce ATP, can be anaerobic (does not require oxygen, is fast & produces 2 ATP) or aerobic (requires oxygen, is slow & produces 30 or 32 ATP)
electron transport chain 3rd stage of aerobic respiration, occurs in mitochondrial cristae, NADH unloaded to produce 26 or 28 ATP as well as water
anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen glucose is broken down to produce 2 ATP, occurs in the cytosol
alcohol fermentation anaerobic respiration/fermentation that occurs in the cytsol of yeast cells to break down glucose into 2 ATP, 2 ethanol & 2 CO2, using NADH
ADP+Pi/ATP coenzyme in its unloaded/loaded state, used to transfer energy & electrons between reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Created by: BiologyBright
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