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7B Science Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a hypothesis? | a prediction/educated guess before an experiment |
| When is a hypothesis made? | before an experiment |
| What two main things need to be done to ensure an experiment is accurate? | 1. repeat it 2. only one variable |
| define 'Controls' | the things in an experiment that don't change |
| define 'Independent Variable' | the thing that changes in an experiment |
| define 'Dependent Variable' | the result of the Independent Variable |
| What are the last two steps of the Scientific Method? | 1. result 2. conclusion |
| What six things do every living thing have? | 1. cells 2.nutrition 3. making energy 4. growth/movement 5. reproduction 6. sensing environment |
| define 'Unicellular' | an organism with one cell |
| define 'Multicellular' | an organism with two or more cells |
| What is the scientific formula of 'Respiration?' | oxygen and glucose makes ––> carbon dioxide, water, and energy |
| What is the scientific formula for 'Photosynthesis?' | carbon dioxide, water, and energy makes ––> oxygen and glucose |
| define 'Asexual' | reproduction that only needs one organism |
| define 'Sexual' | reproduction that needs two organisms |
| define 'Excretion' | getting rid of wastes |
| define 'Reflex' | automatic response to a stimulus that doesn't involve the brain |
| What's the order of the Reflex Pathway? | Sensory Neuron --> Spinal Cord --> Motor Neuron |
| What are the three parts of the 'Cell Theory' | 1. all living things are made up of cells 2. cells make other cells 3. cells have jobs |
| What are the 'Organelles?' | the parts of the cell |
| define 'Cell Wall' | protects the plant wall from the outside and makes its shape |
| define 'Cell Membrane' | surrounds the cell and allows things to enter and leave (semipermeable/selective permeable) |
| define 'nucleus' | controls the cell/the center of the cell |
| What's the Nerve Impulse Pathway (NIP)? | Sensory Neuron --> Interneuron --> Motor Neuron |
| define 'Synapse' | The gap between the axon tips and dendrites, where neurotransmitters are released |
| What happens in the synapse? | Electrical messages turn into chemical messages |
| What are the 3 types of neurons? | Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons |
| define 'Sensory neurons' | receive stimuli and send them to interneurons, and are found in your 5 senses. |
| define 'Motor neurons' | send messages to muscles for a reaction |
| Where are interneurons found? | The brain and spinal cord |
| define 'interneurons' | connect sensory neurons to motor neurons |
| define 'Cytoplasm' | a gel-like fluid that holds all of the organelles |
| What does 'Mitochondria' do? | makes energy |
| define 'nerve impulse' | nerve message |
| define 'Myelin Sheath' | it surrounds and insolates the electrical message through the axon |
| define 'Axon Terminals' | release the message into the synapse in the form neurotransmitters. |
| define 'Axon' | relays the electrical message to axon tips. |
| define 'Soma' | cell body of nerve cell. |
| define 'Dendrite' | receives message and sends it across the axon |
| define 'Neuron' | nerve cell |
| What are 'Chloroplasts?' | helps with photosynthesis/helps make plants food (only in Plant Cells) |
| What are 'Vacuoles' used for? | storage |
| define 'Spinal cord' | a bundle of nerves that run along the back, and relays messages along the body and connects the brain to the peripheral system |
| define 'Medulla/Brain stem' | connects the brain to the spinal cord, and controls involuntary actions |
| define 'Cerebellum' | controls balance and muscle coordination |
| What are the differences between Plant and Animal Cells? | Plants have 1. chloroplasts, 2. cell wall, and 3. one larger vacuole, and Animal Cells have 1. no chloroplasts, 2. no cell walls, and 3. multiple, smaller vacuoles |
| define 'Cerebrum' | largest part of the brain, involved in thinking, learning, memory, emotions, and interpreting 5 senses |
| Where is the 'Central Nervous System (CNS)?' | in the brain and the spinal cord |
| define 'Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)' | every body part but the brain and spinal cord |
| What's a nerve cell? | Neuron |
| What are the 3 main organs in the nervous system | spinal cord, brain, neurons |
| Define 'Stimulus' | change in the enviornment |
| What are the 3 functions of the nervous system | send messages, receive messages, and homeostasis |
| What are the 3 stages of digestion? | digestion, absorbtion, and elimination |
| What is the pathway of the digestive system? | Mouth --> esophagus --> stomach --> small intestine --> large intestine --> rectum --> anus --> toilet |
| What happens in the mouth? | Teeth chomp food using mechanical digestion and saliva breaks down starches using chemical digestion |
| Why do we eat? | for energy, homeostasis, and growing |
| How do we measure energy? | By using calories |
| What are the six essential nutrients? | Carbohydrates, Fats, Protein, Vitamins, Minerals, Water |
| What supplies the major source of energy for the body? | Carbohydrates |
| Define ' Simple Carbohydrates' | 1 or 2 glucose molecules, quick energy, in fruit, milk, juice. |
| Define ' Complex Carbohydrates' | longer lasting energy, found in bread, pasta, wheat, grain |
| What happens in the esophagus? | Peristalsis pushes food down to stomach. Mechanical digestion |
| What happens in the stomach? | Peristalsis churns the food. Mechanical digestion. HCL acid and pepsin kill bacteria and break down food. Chemical digestion. |
| What happens in the small intestine? | Nutrients are absorbed and bile breaks down food. Chemical digestion & absorbtion |
| What happens in the large intestine? | Water is absorbed. Absorbtion and elimination |
| What happens in the rectum? | Waste is solidified. Elimination |
| What happens in the anus? | Waste is released. Elimination |
| define 'Semi-permeable' | chooses what goes in and out |
| define 'Solvent' | liquid in a solution |
| define 'Solute' | particles in a solution |
| What is found in simple carbs and helps you poop? | Fiber |
| What gives a lot of energy? | Fat |
| What is found in animal products? | Saturated Fats |
| What is unsaturated fats found in? | Plants ( liquid oils) |
| What is found in junk food? | Trans fat |
| Which fat is waxy fat found in animals and humans? | Cholesterol |
| What is Protein for? | Growing and repairing tissue. |
| What makes up protein? | Amino Acids |
| What is found in animals and contain all amino acids? | Complete Protien |
| What are incomplete Proteins found in? | plants and don't have as many amino acids |
| define 'Solution' | solute dissolved in a solvent |
| What are the 2 types of digestion? | Chemical & mechanical |
| What are the accessory organs in the digestion system? | Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder |
| What does the pancreas do? | Makes enzymes and releases them into small intestine |
| What does the liver do? | Makes bile |
| What does the gallbladder do? | Stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine |
| define 'Epiglottis' | a flap that separates the trachea and esophagus |
| define 'High Concentration' | a high amount of something |
| define 'Low Conentration' | a low amount of something |
| define 'Equilibrium' | an equal amount of something |
| What is needed in small doses? | Vitamins |
| How do you get vitamins? | Body makes some, but most need to be from food |
| What is found in soil and helps in chemical reactions? | Minerals |
| What helps the body regulate chemical reactions? | Minerals |
| define 'Enzyme' | Protein that speeds up the chemical reaction. |
| define 'Peristalsis' | a type of mechanical digestion that uses muscles |
| define 'Pepsin' | enzyme that breaks down protein in the stomach |
| define 'Hydrochloric acid (HCL)' | acid that's found in the stomach, and breaks down fat |
| define 'Villi' | found in small intestine, and absorbs nutrients |
| define 'Water' | helps with hydration and nutrients are broken down in it |
| define 'Hypertonic' | more solute and less solvent in a solution |
| define 'Hypotonic' | more solvent and less solute in a solution |
| define 'Isotonic' | an equal amount of solute and solvent in a solution |
| define 'Passive Transport' | Movement of substances using no energy |
| define 'Diffusion' | the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration until they are equal |
| define 'Osmosis' | the movement of water across a membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration until they are equal |
| define 'Active Transport' | the movement of substances through a cell membrane from a low concentration to a high concentration using energy |
| define 'ATP' | energy |
| What are the main functions of the muscular system? | Movement and strength |
| define ‘Cardiac muscle’ | a type of muscle that never tires, is involuntary, and is found in the heart |
| define ’Smooth muscle’ | a type of muscle that tires slowly, is involuntary, and found in organs |
| define ‘Skeletal muscle’ | a type of muscle that tires quickly, and is only voluntary |
| define ‘Involuntary muscle’ | a muscle that you can’t control |
| define ‘Voluntary muscle’ | a muscle that you can control |
| define ‘Tendons’ | connects muscle to bone |
| What other body systems work with the muscular system? | The nervous and skeletal |
| define ‘Unicellular’ | an organism made up of one cell |
| define ‘Multicellular’ | an organism made up of multiple cells (2+) |
| define ‘Cells’ | basic structure of all living things |
| define ‘Tissue’ | a group of cells |
| What are the 4 basic tissues? | nerve, muscle, epithelial, and connective |
| define ‘Organ’ | 2+ types of tissue |
| define ‘Organ systems’ | many organs working together to do a job |
| define ‘Organism’ | a living thing |
| define ‘Homeostasis’ | maintaining internal balance of the body despite the outside |
| What were the three generations of Mendel's pea plant experiment? | P: TT + tt F1: Tt + Tt F2: tt + Tt + Tt + TT |
| What are the two reasons Mendel did an experiment on pea plants? | 1. they grew fast 2. they are easy traits to observe |
| What were Mendel's conclusions on his pea plant experiment? (three things) | 1. one factor was stronger that the other 2. they did not blend 3. somthing controlled each trait |
| define 'Trait' | characteristic |
| define 'Gene' | a sequence of bases that codes for a protien which determine your traits |
| define 'Allele' | a form of a gene |
| When is a dominant allele expressed? | if you have at least one of them |
| When is a recessive allele expressed? | if you have both of them |
| define 'Purebred' | two pf the same alleles (for example: 'TT' or 'tt') |
| define 'Hybrid' | one dominant and one recessive allele (for example: 'Tt') |
| (Punnet Square) If the dad has the alleles of 'TT' and the mom has 'Tt,' if they have four kids, what alleles do the kids most likely have? | 'TT,' 'TT,' 'Tt,' and 'Tt,' |
| define 'Phenotype' | physical appearance |
| define 'Genotype' | allele combination |
| define 'Homozygous' | Purebred |
| define 'Heterozygous' | Hybrid |
| define 'Codominance' | neither allele is stronger that the other (for example: blood type: AB) |
| What does 'DNA' stand for? | DeoxyriboNucleic Acid |
| What are the three parts to a 'Nucleotide?' | 1. Phosphate 2. Sugar 3. Nitrogen Base |
| What are the four 'Nitrogen Bases?' | 1. Ademine 2. Thymine 3. Cytosine. 4. Guanine |
| What are the main functions of the skeletal system? | 1. protection 2. movement 3. shape 4. support 5. storage of minerals 6. blood cells |
| How many bones are in an average adult human body? | 206 |
| What is a ligament? | tissue that connects bone to bone |
| What connects muscle to bone? | Tendons |
| What is on the end of bones to prevent rubbing? | Cartilage |
| What are the 3 types of bone tissue? | Compact, Spongy, Marrow |
| What bone is hard? | compact |
| What bone is light? | spongy |
| What is red marrow for? | blood |
| Whaty is yellow marrow for? | fat |
| What do joints do? | create movement |
| What are the 4 types of joints? | 1. hinge 2. pivot 3. gliding 4. ball and socket |
| What are the different types of injuries? | Sprain and fracture |
| What injury do you have if there is a tear in the ligament? | sprain |
| What are the 2 types of fracrures? | simple and compound |
| What is a simple fracture? | break in bone |
| What is a compound fracture? | if it goes through your skin |
| What other body systems work with the skeletal system? | muscle and nervous |
| What is the relation ship between chromosomes, genes, DNA, proteins, and traits? | chromosomes are structures that carry your genes which are made of DNA that code for proteins that determine your traits |
| define 'Mutation' | a change or mistake in the base pair or in the number of chromosomes |
| What are the three base pair mutations? | 1. addition 2. deletion 3. substitution |
| define 'Chromosomal Mutation' | when there are too many or not enough chromosomes |
| How can mutations be harmful? | if it decreases the chances of survival or reproduction |
| How can a mutation be helpful? | if it increases the chances of survival or reproduction |
| How can a mutation be neutral (not harmful or helpful)? | if it doesn't affect the chances of survival or reproduction |
| What determines if a person is male or female? | the sex chromosome |
| What alleles do females have, and on what number pair, that makes them a female? | XX on the 23rd pair |
| What alleles do males have, and on what number pair, that makes them a male? | XY on the 23rd pair |
| Which parent determines the gender of the baby and why? | the father determines the gender of the baby because he has his X to give or his Y and the mother only has X's to give |
| What is a sex-linked gene? | genes found on the sex chromosomes (only 2 alleles) |
| What are the 3 functions of the circulatory system? | 1. delivering needed materials 2. removing waste products 3. fighting disease |
| What are the 4 chambers of the heart? | 1. right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. left atrium 4. left ventricle |
| List the pathway of blood through the heart, body and back | vein to RA to RV to lungs in a artery to the LA in a LV to aorta to the rest of the body |
| Define 'arteries' | blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| Define ' veins' | from the capillaries blood flows into veins, blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart |
| Define ' capillaries' | blood flows into the capillaries from the arteries. |
| Define 'pulse' | arteries expanding and contracting with the splurt of blood |
| Define ' blood pressure' | the force of blood moving through the arteries |
| What is a pedigree | a chart of a gene in a family tree |
| Why can't males carry a sex-linked trait like colorblindness? | sex-linked genes are only on 'X's' and males only have one 'X' |
| What is a blood type? | it is controlled by one gene and multiple alleles (A, B, O) |
| define 'chromosomes' | structures found in the nucleus that carry your genes |
| define 'Sister chromatid' | identical strands of DNA that make a chromosome |
| define 'Centromere' | holds sister chromatids together |
| define 'Homologous chromosomes' | a pair of chromosomes that have the same genes and are in the same location. |
| What does PMAT stand for? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| define 'Interphase' | the first stage of the cell cycle that happens before meiosis and mitosis and DNA replicates from a chromotid to a chromosome |
| What happens in prophase of MITOSIS? | preperation |
| What happens in metaphase of MITOSIS? | the chromosomes line up in the middle |
| What happens in anaphase of MITOSIS? | the chromotids move away from each other. |
| What happens in telophase of MITOSIS? | it's the last stage of mitosis, and two new cells are created |
| What happens in prophase 1 of MEIOSIS? | The chromosomes cross genes |
| What happens in metaphase 1 of MEIOSIS? | The pairs line of in the middle |
| What happens in anaphase 1 of MEIOSIS? | The pairs seperate |
| What happens in telophase 1 of MEIOSIS? | Two new cells are created |
| What happens in prophase 2 of MEIOSIS? | Preperaition for metaphase |
| What happens in metaphase 2 of MEIOSIS? | Chromatids line up in the middle (no longer in pairs) |
| What happens in anaphase 2 of MEIOSIS? | Chromotids seperate |
| What happens in telophase 2 of MEIOSIS? | 4 sex cells are made, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original |
| What blood type allele is codominant and a universal recipient? | AB |
| What blood type allele is homozygous A? | AA |
| What blood type allele is heterozygous A? | AO |
| What blood type allele is homozygous B? | BB |
| What blood type allele is heterozygous ? | BO |
| What blood type allele is recessive O and a universal donor? | OO |
| What are the three parts of the Circulatory System? | 1. Heart 2. Blood vessels 3. Blood |
| define 'Septum' | separation of left and right (separate high oxygen from low oxygen) |
| Which chamber is the largest chamber? | the left ventricle because it has to pump blood to the entire body |
| Which one has high oxygen - arteries or veins? | arteries |
| Which one has low oxygen - arteries or veins? | veins |
| Which one has valves - arteries or veins? | veins |
| What are the four types of blood? | 1. White Blood Cells (WBC) 2. Red Blood Cells (RBC) 3. Plasma 4. Platelets |
Created by:
Yedidya
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