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S1 Bio Exam Revision
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adaptation | a physical feature or a behaviour that helps an animal to survive |
| genetic diversity | the diversity within the genes in a particular population or species |
| species diversity | the variety of different species that exist in a particular habitat or living space |
| ecosystem diversity | the different ecosystems that exist within a geographical location |
| the importance of biodiversity | the greater the biodiversity of an ecosystem the more stable it is |
| competition | organisms competing for the same resources |
| predation | when an organism captures and feeds on another organism |
| predator | hunter |
| prey | hunted |
| symbiosis | any relationship where two species live closely together |
| mutualism | both species benefit from a relationship |
| commensalism | one member of a symbiotic relationship benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed |
| parasitism | one creature benefits and one creature is harmed |
| producers | make their own food via photosynthesis |
| consumers | obtain their energy by eating other organisms or parts of them |
| herbivores | eats plants |
| carnivores | eats animals |
| omnivores | eat plants and animals |
| detritivores | eat decomposing organic matter |
| physical adaptation | physical features of a plant or animal that improve its chance of survival in its environment |
| behavioural adaptation | affects the way a plant or animal acts |
| natural selection | the process whereby plants and animals better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring |
| migration | when an animal moves from one place to another at certain times of the year |
| hibernation | when an animals body temperature, breathing and heart rate all slow down to conserve energy |
| classification | the process of grouping things by their similarities |
| dichotomous key | a chart used to classify things by giving two choices at each step |
| order of classification | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| way to remember the order of classification | dear king Phillip came over for good spaghetti |
| scientific name | the name for a species used by scientists around the world |
| bioshphere | made up of the parts of Earth where life exists |
| habitat | the natural home or environment of a plant, animal, or other organism |
| species | A group of organisms in a population that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
| population | a group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area |
| communitty | a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time |
| endemic | a species only being found in a single defined geographic location |
| phenotype | physical characteristic |
| genotype | an organisms unique sequence of DNA |
| niche | the role an organism plays in a community |
| abiotic factor | non living factor of an ecosystem |
| biotic factor | living factor of an ecosystem |
| limiting factor | anything that constrains a population's size and slows or stops it from growing |
| scavenger | an organism that mostly consumes decaying meat or rotting plant material |
| biomass | a measure of the total mass of living material in each trophic level |
| energy flow | the flow of energy through living things within an ecosystem |
| photosynthesis | the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar |
| food web | describes who eats whom in the wild |
| trophic Level | the position an organism occupies in a food web |
| basic resources needed to carry out life processes | optimum temperature, oxygen, water, breeding sites, shelter |
| domain | archaea, bacteria, eukarya |
| kingdom | animalia, plantae, protista fungi, archaea, bacteria |
| phylum | a group of similar classes |
| class | a group of similar orders |
| order | a group of similar families |
| family | a group of similar genus |
| genus | a group of similar species |
| reproductive strategies | Giving birth to live young, laying eggs, methods of caring for young, and reproducing asexually |
| successful survival | survival to reproductive age, reproduce and have enough offspring to ensure survival of the next generation |
| structural adaptation examples | body coverings, teeth, method of movement, camouflage, mimicry |
| camouflage | organisms use it to disguise their appearance, usually to blend in with their surroundings |
| mimicry | when one species of animal resembles another species |
| physiological adaptation examples | venom, poison, being nocturnal, concentrated urine, specialised digestion, temperature regulation |
| human impact in ecosystems | irrigation, deforestation, fertilizer run off, sewerage, burning of fossil fuels, introduced pathogens, agriculture |
| secondary succession | when plants and animals recolonize a habitat after a major disturbance |
| primary succession | the colonization of new sites by communities of organisms |
| characteristics of living things | mrs gren |
| M | movement |
| R | respiration |
| S | sensitivity |
| G | growth |
| R | reproduction |
| E | excretion |
| N | nutrition |
| cells | the basic units of all life |
| calculating microscope magnification | eye piece x objective lens |
| eukaryotic kingdoms | animal, plant, protist and fungi |
| prokaryotic kingdom | monera |
| unicellular | one cell |
| multicellular | more than one cell |
| unicellular examples | bacteria, protists and some algae |
| multicellular examples | animals, plants, fungi |
| prokaryotic examples | e coli, salmonella, halobacterium |
| eukaryotic examples | human, tree, phytoplankton |
| prokaryotic organisms | has no membrane bound organelles |
| eukaryotic organisms | contains membrane bound organelles |
| cell membrane | outer boundary of cell and allows things in and out of the cell |
| cell wall | additional layer of protection for a plant cell |
| cytoplasm | watery solution which organelles are suspended in |
| nucleus | contains DNA and controls the cell |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | has ribosomes attached and transports proteins through cell |
| ribosomes | produces proteins for cells |
| golgi body | packages materials for export out of cells |
| vacuoles | storage of water, minerals, sugars and wastes |
| lysosomes | contains enzymes that digests waste for cells |
| mitochondria | converts chemical energy into ATP for use by a cells |
| chloroplasts | converting sunlight into chemical energy, the site of photosynthesis |
| tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | creates and transports lipids throughout cell |
| differences between animal and plant cells | plant cells have cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole |
| small cell | large surface area to volume ratio |
| large cell | small surface area to volume ratio |
| fluid | easily moved or pliable |
| mosaic | made of many different molecules |
| selectively permeable | only lets certain substances in and out of the cell |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water hating |
| cholesterol | stabilises the space between phospholipids |
| integral proteins | inserted in the phospholipid bilayer |
| peripheral proteins | on the exterior of the phospholipid bilayer |
| channel proteins | allow certain substances in and out of cells without needing energy |
| carrier proteins | bind to specific substances and transfer them across the cell membrane |
| receptor proteins | receive chemical signals from other cells then transmit them into the cell |
| glygoproteins | proteins with carbohydrate chains attached |
| glycolipids | lipids with carbohydrate chains attached |
| materials exchanged through a cell membrane | gases, nutrients, waste products |
| passive transport | diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis |
| active transport | endocytosis and exocytosis |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from a high to low concentration |
| solvent | the dissolving agent |
| solute | substance being dissolved |
| solution | a mixture of two or more substances |
| osmosis | a type of diffusion involving water molecules |
| tonicity | the concentration of solution that determines the direction and rate of diffusion |
| hypertonic | the cell will lose water and shrivel |
| hypotonic | the cell will gain water and eventually burst |
| isotonic | the cell in at equilibrium |
| factors affecting the rate of exchange | surface area to volume ratio, concentration gradient, material being exchanged, temperature |
| endocytosis | transporting into the cell |
| exoxytosis | transporting out of the cell |
| pinocytosis | the intake of fluids and small molecules |
| phagocytosis | the intake of large molecules |
| decomposers | decay dead materials |
| groups of microorganisms | bacteria, fungi, protista, algae, archaea |
| decomposers | decay organic matter |
| parasites | feed on host organisms |
| viruses | can only reproduce with the use of a host organism |
| ideal bacterial growth conditions | nutrients, temperature, acidity/alkalinity, oxygen, water |
| binary fission | reproduction in prokaryotic organisms |
| bacterial growth | can produce enormous numbers of daughter cells through binary fission in a very short time |
| uses of microorganisms | Digestion, Recycling of essential nutrients, Oxygen production by phytoplankton, Recombinant DNA technology, Food production |
Created by:
justineforrest
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