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Evolution
Science 7 Unit 11 (Last Unit :) :( !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| Who was Charles Darwin? | An English naturalist who made many observations while aboard the HMS Beagle (1830's) |
| a person who observes and studies nature | naturalist |
| any difference between individuals of the same species | variation |
| a group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring | species |
| Darwin and others worked to develop a theory of what? | evolution |
| The process by which modern organisms have gradually descended from an ancient organism | Evolution |
| Darwin used his time on the HMS Beagle to make many observations: including (BLANK) of living things, the (BLANK) of ancient organisms (fossils) and the varying (BLANK) of living organisms on both the Galapagos Islands and Mainland South America. | Darwin used his time on the HMS Beagle to make many observations: including the diversity of living things, the remains of ancient organisms (fossils) and the varying traits of living organisms on both the Galapagos Islands and Mainland South America. |
| Charles Darwin developed the theory of what by what? | Charles Darwin developed the theory evolution by natural selection. |
| Darwin discovered both what and what between Galápagos organisms and those found in South America? | Darwin discovered both similarities and differences between Galápagos organisms and those found in South America. |
| True or False; Darwin became convinced that species stay the same. If False, what is the correct statement? | False! Darwin became convinced that species DO NOT stay the same. |
| What did Darwin think that species could do? | Change and even reproduce new species! |
| Darwin began to think that the island species might be related to South American species. After much reflection, Darwin realized that the island species had (BLANK) from their mainland relatives over time. | Darwin began to think the island species might be related to South American species. After much reflection, Darwin realized that the island species had become different from their mainland relatives over time. |
| Darwin thought that fossil bones of giant Glyptodons resembled bones of modern armadillos. Darwin found the bones of animals that died long ago resembled living armadillos but were much what? | larger |
| Darwin wondered what had happened to the ancient, giant armadillos. Over long periods of time, could giant armadillos have evolved into the smaller species we see today? | Yes; they both have the same armor, they both have the same body structure. |
| Armadillos have the same armor and body structure as glyptodons; why might these features be important to both ancient and modern armadillos? | Protection; survival |
| The birds were what from one island to the next? | Different |
| Darwin concluded that the finch species were all related to a what that came from the mainland? | single common ancestor |
| Over time, different finches developed different beak and shape sizes that were well suited to the... | food they ate (environment). |
| inherited behavior or physical characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce | adaptations |
| Based on his (BLANK), Darwin reasoned that plants or animals that arrived on the Galápagos Islands from South America faced condition (BLANK). | Based on his observations, Darwin reasoned that plants or animals that arrived on the Galápagos Islands from South America faced conditions different from those on the mainland. |
| Darwin hypothesized that species ... and become ... | Darwin hypothesized that species change over time and become better adapted to new conditions. |
| Darwin did (BLANK) know how his theory of evolution happened. | NOT |
| mechanism | How it works |
| What is evolution's mechanism? | through DNA and mutations |
| Birds make more offspring (eggs) than can possibly live. | Overproduction |
| Birds beak sizes can vary, even a 1 mm difference can decide if a bird is going to survive. | Variations |
| The difference of individuals in a population. | Variation |
| Of four birds there is a small variety of beak size. Only the birds with the largest beaks will surive. | Variations |
| Each generation has more offspring that can be supported by the environment. Birds make more offspring (egg) that can possibly live. | Overproduction |
| for food, water, shelter and ability to avoid predators all limit who will survive | Competition |
| It occurs between organisms in an ecosystem when their environment overlap, they both try to use the same resource | Competiton |
| Bay birds must compete with each other for food, water and shelter | Competition |
| Birds must also compete with other animals who share their ecosystem | Competition |
| The bird with a longer beak gets more food and lives | Selection |
| Natural Selection can also be known as just what? | Selection |
| The birds with the longest beaks get the most food, therefore they are the "fittest" for this environment. The birds with the smallest beaks die. | Selection |
| Some inherited traits increased an organism's chances of survival and reproduction. | Selection |
| Beak size = 0.9 cm Beak size = 1.2 cm Beak size = 1.3 cm Which bird will not get the worm from the mother bird? | Beak size = 0.9 cm |
| the bird that learns to fly first can escape from predators and survive. the bird that can't fly gets eaten by the preadator. | Environment |
| the surrounding conditions and elements with which a living thing interacts | Physical Environment |
| The birds that can survive all 5 variables will reproduce, passing on the beneficial traits to their offspring. | **GENETICS** |
| Only genetic traits can be passed on an inherited by offspring | Reproduction |
| THE END | the cycle repeats each generation |
| The bird that survives all the other factors on natural selection will survive to reproduce passing on the beneficial traits to offspring | **GENETICS** |
| This bird has six eggs! | Overproduction |
| Displayed are beak sizes of birds: Beak size = 1.0 cm Beak size = .9 cm Beak size = 1.3 Beak size = 1.3 cm Beak size = 1.0 cm Which bird get eliminated due to natural selection? | Beak size = .9 cm |
| most species produce more offspring than can possibly survive | Overproduction |
| members of the same species compete for resources (food, shelter), fight, get eaten by predators | Competition |
| members of the same species compete for resources (food, shelter), fight, get eaten by predators; this can also be known as what? | Struggle for existence |
| Differences between members of the same species | Variations |
| Helpful variations may accumulate (are inherited) in a species over time while unfavorable ones may disappear | Selection |
| Helpful variations may accumulate (are inherited) in a species over time while unfavorable ones may disappear; this can also be known as... | Survival of the Fittest |
| only traits that are inherited or controlled by DNA can be acted upon by natural selection!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*** | ****GENETICS |
| A process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. | Natural Selection |
| most species produce more offspring than can possibly survive | Overproduction |
| members of the same species compete for resources (food, shelter,) fight, get eaten by predators | Competition |
| Competition can also be known as... | Struggle for existence |
| Helpful variations may accumulate (are inherited) in a species over time while unfavorable ones disappear. | Selection |
| Selection can also be known as... | Survival of the Fittest |
| traits that are present in an organism and can help it adapt to the environmental changes | Environment change |
| Brown rats can give birth up to 12 times each year with about 6 to 11 pups in each litter. The young rats are ready to breed when they are 12 weeks old. About how many pups can each female rat produce each year? | Up to 132 (72-132) |
| Why can't every rat survive and reproduce at its maximum rate? How does this relate to natural selection? | Because there is not enough food. Competition for resources like food. |
| Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection is straightforward. Any population of living things has... | inherited variations |
| According the natural selection, only the individuals that what will survive and reproduce? | well-adapted to their environment |
| An organism's what describes how well it can survive and reproduce? | "fitness" |
| According to Darwin' theory, the Fittest individuals survive to reproduce and pass their traits... | to the next generation |
| Fossils show the (BLANK) between organisms of the (BLANK) and (BLANK). | Fossils show the differences between organisms of the past and present. |
| The fossil record documents the (BLANK) of life forms, many now extinct and shows life forms (BLANK) throughout Earth's history. | The fossil record documents the diversity of life forms, many now extinct and shows life forms existed and changed throughout earth's history. |
| An embryo is a young organism that develops from a... | fertilized egg |
| During the early development of different organisms embryos show some striking... | similarities |
| Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor Example: Humans. dogs, pigs, sheep and horses have an arm bone called an ulna although there is variation among the bones. | Homologous Structures |
| How do you account for the differences between bat's wings and the dolphin's flippers? | They must have different DNA and mutations. They are different because they need their wings and flippers to perform different tasks in order to survive. They are shaped in different ways to survive their environments. (swim vs. fly). |
| Why is a sudden change in the environment more likely to cause a species to go extinct rather than cause a new species to develop? | Evolution is not sudden, it takes many generations. ONLY THE INDIVIDUALS THAT HAVE THE BENEFICIAL TRAITS WILL SURVIVE. Everyone dies. |
| If we (as humans) have 95% of our DNA the same as a Chimpanzee and more than 60% the same as a banana. What does this mean? | We have all evolved from the same common ancestor. Then, our DNA has changed because of mutations. This happens so we are able to adapt to our environment and survive. |
| The shared use of what is one piece of evidence that ever organism on Earth has a common ancestor? | genetic material |
| What was this common ancestor called? | LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor) |
| LUCA was mostly a what, similar to modern bacteria or archaea? | a single-celled organism |
| LUCA started to change as it accumulated what, or changes in its DNA? | mutations |
| (BLANK) and other processes shaped LUCA's evolution. The original population of LUCA split and diverged, evolving into all the other species that live or have ever lived on Earth. Shared DNA between species provides evidence for evolutionary past. | Natural Selection and other processes shape LUCA's evolution. The original population of LUCA split and diverged, evolving into all the other species that live or have lived on Earth. Shared DNA between species provides evidence of evolutionary past. |
| The (BLANK) the DNA between two species, the (BLANK) they are. | The more similar the DNA between two species, the more closely related they are. |
| Diagrams that show a family tree based on differences in one stretch of DNA let scientists determine... | evolutionary relationships among species. |
| Where does LUCA belong in branching trees? | at the very start |
| The GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE is a calendar of the Earth's history for the last... | 4600 MYA (4.6 billion years ago) |
| The geologic time scale was developed by (BLANK) different fossil and dating them using (BLANK). | The geologic time scale was developed by comparing different fossils and dating them using radioactive elements. |
| the millions of fossils that have been collected of extinct and non-extinct species | fossil record |
| Used to determine if one fossil is older or younger than another | Relative Dating |
| Used to determine the actual age of a fossil using unstable elements (radioactive decay) | Absolute Dating |
| many species of organisms die at the same time | Mass Extinctions |
| Scientists are unsure about what causes mass extinction but hypothesize that (BLANK) were responsible. | Scientists are unsure about what causes mass extinction but hypothesize that climate change, asteroids and volcanic eruptions were responsible. |
| How can we find the numerical age of a fossil species? | Absolute (radioactive) dating |
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