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Biology Revision
Science 2026
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)? | The brain and the spinal cord |
| What makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? | Nerves that carry messages to and from CNS and other parts of body |
| What is the nervous system? | A communication system that controls all parts of the body |
| What is the axon? | A long, slender projection of a neuron that acts as the primary transmission line of the nervous system |
| What is the dendrites? | The tree-like extensions of a neuron designed to receive electrochemical signals from other cells and send to the cell body |
| What is the nucleus? | It is located in the centre of the neuron, builds the nervous system, transmitting electrical signals, and forming neurotransmitters |
| What is the axon terminal? | The specialised, club-shaped ending of an axon's branches. It acts as the communication hub of the neuron by converting electrical nerve impulses into chemical messages |
| What is the cell body/soma? | The large part of the neuron that surrounds the nucleus and is responsible for integrating incoming signals. |
| What is the Myelin sheath? | A protective, insulating lipid and protein layer wrapped around neuronal axons |
| What is the sensory neuron? | From sensory receptors from CNS |
| What is the motor neuron? | From CNS to muscles/glands |
| Links between sensory and motor neurons | Sensory receptors -> sensory neurons -> interneuron -> spinal cord ->motor neuron |
| How neurons transmit a signal from one neuron to the next | An electrical impulse travels along an axon which triggers nerve ending of a neuron to release neurom |
| What does a neurotransmitter do? | Diffuse across the synapse and bind to the receptor molecules on the next neuron. |
| Why do receptor molecules on a second neuron only respond to certain signals? | They are designed to bind only to the specific chemicals released by the first neuron which stimulates the second neuron to transmit the electrical impulse |
| How long does this process go for? | Until the neurotransmitters reaches the brain, spinal cord or muscle/gland |
| What are the key components of the stimulus response model? | Stimulus, receptor, effector, response. |
| What is the mechanoreceptors stimulus? | Mechanical energy in the form of sound waves. E.g hair cells in the cochlea of the ear |
| What is the chemoreceptors stimulus? | Chemical substances dissolved in water. E.g. Receptor cells of the tongue |
| What is the Photoreceptors stimulus? | Electromagnetic radiation, usually int eh for of light. E.g rod and cone cells in the eye. |
| Stimulus meaning | Physical or chemical change in an organism's internal or external environment that triggers a functional or behavioural reaction |
| Receptor meaning | Specialised protein molecule or sensory cell that receives chemical or physical signals from outside or inside the body |
| Effector meaning | Any muscle, gland, or molecule that produces a direct response to a specific stimulus |
| Response meaning | Any reaction or behaviour of a living organism, cell, or tissue to a stimulus |
| Nervous coordination | Information passes as an electrical impulse along nerve fibres, rapid transmission, response is immediate, short lived and exact |
| Endocrine coordination | Information passes as a hormone through the bloodstream, slow transmission, response is usually slow, long lasting and widespread. |
| How do hormones work? | Produced in small amounts, released into the bloodstream, only act on certain cells (target cells), different shapes and will only fit into receptors on specific cells. (figure 1 article) |
| How are hormones activiated? | Cells in endocrine gland produces hormones -> hormones travel by blood -> reach the target cell which cause a change in the cell activity. |
Created by:
SallyCat861
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