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Research Methods
Year 11 Psychology Research Methods
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define pseudosciences | Ways of explaining human behaviour and mental processes that are not scientifically based. |
| Define behaviour | Behaviour refers to any action or response made by a living organism, such as a person or animal, that can be observed or measured. |
| What is psychology? | Psychology is a scientific discipline that seeks to describe, explain, understand and predict human behaviour and mental processes. |
| What are mental processes? | Mental processes are activities that occur within the mind. They include thinking, feeling emotions forming attitudes, and making decisions. |
| Define scientific method | A systematic, step-by-step process used by psychologists and other scientists to plan, conduct, and evaluate research. |
| What is an aim? | A statement outlining the purpose of an investigation. |
| What is a hypothesis? | A testable prediction that identifies the population, the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. |
| Define population | The group of people who are the focus of the study and from which the sample is drawn. |
| Define sample | A subset of the research population who participate in a study. |
| What is an independent variable? | The condition, factor, or input that a researcher manipulates or changes in an experiment to observe its effect on an outcome. |
| What is a dependent variable? | The specific factor being measured, tested, or observed in an experiment or study. |
| What is a controlled variable? | The factors in an experiment that are kept constant to ensure that the results are only affected by the independent variable (IV). |
| What does it mean to generalise findings? | Using a sample’s results to make conclusions about the wider research population. |
| What is random sampling? | When every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. |
| What is stratified sampling? | A sampling technique that involves selecting people from the population in a way that ensures that its strata (subgroups) are proportionally represented in the sample. |
| What is random allocation? | Every member of the sample has an equal chance of being in the control or experimental group. |
| What are extraneous variables? | A variable that is not the independent variable, but may cause an unwanted effect on the dependent variable. |
| What are confounding variables? | A variable other than the IV that has a systematic effect on the DV. |
| What is a case study? | A case study is an in-depth or detailed study on a particular activity, behaviour, event or problem. It may be historical, hypothetical, or current. |
| What is an observational study? | Observational studies, or fieldwork, are a methodology that involves investigation through observing and interacting with an environment in a naturalistic setting. |
| What is a correlational study? | A study in which researchers observe and measure the relationship between two or more variables without any active control or manipulation. |
| What is the difference between causation and correlation? | Causation is where a change in one variable causes a predictable change in the other variable. In comparison, correlation demonstrates that there is an association between variables. |
| What is a control group? | The group of participants who receive no experimental treatment or intervention to serve as a baseline for comparison. |
| What is an experimental group? | The group of participants exposed to a manipulated independent variable. The group of participants exposed to a manipulated independent variable. |
| Define between subject design | An experimental design in which individuals are divided into different groups and complete only one experimental condition. |
| Define within subjects design | An experimental design in which participants complete every experimental condition. |
| Define mixed method design | An experimental design which combines different elements of within-subjects and between-subjects designs. |
| What is counterbalancing? | A method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way. |
| What is a single blind procedure? | A procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental condition they have been allocated to. |
| What is a double blind procedure? | A procedure in which both participants and the experimenter are unaware of the experimental conditions participants have been allocated to. |
| What are ethical concepts? | The broad, moral guiding principles that people should consider when conducting research, practice, or examining a psychological issue. |
| What is beneficence? | The consideration of the benefits or gains from research in relation to the risks. |
| What is non-maleficence? | The idea that any potential harm should be avoided and minimised as much as possible. |
| What is integrity? | The commitment to search for knowledge, and then honestly report information and findings. |
| What is justice? | The distribution of fair access to the benefits of research to everyone, ensuring that there is no burden on one group, and ensuring that any opposing claims are considered. |
| What is respect? | The belief that everyone has value in regards to their welfare and beliefs, and has a right to make their own decisions. |
| What are ethical guidelines? | Also known as participant rights. The procedures and principles used to ensure that participants are safe and respected. |
| Define voluntary participation | Participants must willingly and freely sign up to be involved in the research |
| Define informed consent | Participants must understand the nature and purpose of the study including any risks |
| What are withdrawal rights? | Participants may leave the study at any time, including removing already obtained results |
| What is debriefing? | Participants are informed of the aims, results and conclusions of the study and are provided with psychological support as needed |
| What is deception? | Participants know the purpose of the study, unless it will influence their behaviour in the research. If deception is used, it must be addressed in debriefing |
| What is confidentiality? | Participants’ privacy should be protected and any identifying information should be excluded from the research |
| Define qualitative data | Qualitative data describes characteristics and qualities. |
| Define quantitative data | Quantitative data involves measurable values and quantities and can be compared on a numerical scale. |
Created by:
NikkiFuller
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