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Cell Energy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cuticle | Thin waxy covering. Prevents water loss within the leaf. |
| Epidermis | The outermost layer of cells. Controls gas and water exchange with the air. |
| Xylem | Responsible for transporting water and minerals upwards from the roots. |
| Phloem | Carries food (sugars) produced in the leaves to the rest of the plants. |
| Bundle sheath cells | Outer layer of the vein. Protective circle around the xylem and the phloem. |
| Palisade mesophyll cells | Column-like, and lie just under the epidermis, and are densely packed to maximize photosynthesis. |
| Palisade spongy cells | Loosely packed. Lie between the palisade layer and the lower epidermis, and have air spaces between to allow for more gas exchange. |
| Stomata | Tiny holes within the epidermis. Openings that allow for gas exchange with the air, specifically to let it CO2. |
| Guard cells | Surround the stomata and are shaped like two cupped hands. Their job is to open and close to let gasses in and out or not. |
| Chloroplast | A specialized organelle found in plant and algae cells that performs photosynthesis. |
| Thylakoid | Site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. |
| Grana | The stacked, disc-like structures (thylakoids) inside plant chloroplasts. |
| Stroma | Fluid inside the chloroplast. Site of the Calvin Cycle. |
| Chlorophyll | Green pigment found in plants. |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate, the primary molecule used by all living cells to store and transfer energy. |
| Light Reactions | The first major stage of photosynthesis. H2O is broken down into hydrogen ions and O2 molecules. |
| Calvin Cycle | A series of light-independent chemical reactions in photosynthesis that converts carbon dioxide (\(CO_{2}\)) and water into organic sugar molecules (glucose). Powered by ATP and NADPH. |
| Electron Transport Chain (ETC) | A series of protein complexes and molecules located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (or cell membrane in bacteria) |
| Glucose (C6H12O6) | a simple sugar (monosaccharide). |
| Pyruvic acid | Organic acid that serves as the end product of glycolysis |
| Glycolysis | Metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose (\(C_6H_{12}O_6\)) into two molecules of pyruvate, extracting energy in the process. |
| Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | The central metabolic pathway of cellular respiration. Taking place in the mitochondrial matrix, it oxidizes acetyl-CoA to release stored energy, producing carbon dioxide (\(CO_{2}\)) as a waste product and energy-rich electron carriers |
| Mitochondria | The powerhouse of the cell! The site of cellular respiration. |
Created by:
nirmalayoung1
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