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unit 5: genetics
ap bio unit five: mendelian and non-mendelian genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| genetics | -study of heredity variation |
| genes | -segments of DNA that code basic units -offspring acquire genes from parents by inheritance |
| heredity | -transmission of traits from one generation to the next -traits passed from one parent to offspring through genes |
| homologous chromosomes | -pair of chromosomes -one from each parent |
| karyotypes | -display of chromosome pairs ordered by size and length |
| somatic cells | -body cells -diploid |
| gametic cells | -sex cells -haploid |
| diploid | -two complete sets of each chromosome |
| haploid | -one set of each chromosome |
| autosomes | -chromosomes that do not determine sex |
| sex chromosome | -X and Y -determine sex of individual |
| meiosis | -process for haploid gamete cells -gives daughter cells half the # of chromosomes -two rounds of division |
| meiosis 1 | -prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1 and cytokinesis -happens before meiosis 2 |
| prophase 1 | -synapsis and crossing over -form tetrads |
| metaphase 1 | -tetrads line up at metaphase plate -independent orienmtation |
| anaphase 1 | -homologous pairs separate -sister chromatids still attached |
| meiosis 2 | -prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2 and cytokinesis |
| synapsis | -homologous chromosomes pair up and physically connect to form tetrad -when crossing over occurs |
| telophase 1 and cytokinesis | -nuclei and cytoplasm divide -haploid of chromosomes in each cell |
| prophase 2 | -spindles form -no crossing over |
| metaphase 2 | -chromosomes line up -chromatids unique from crossing over |
| anaphase 2 | -sister chromatids separate and move towards poles |
| telophase 2 and cytokinesis | -nuclei reappear -4 genetically unique haploid cells |
| crossing over | -exchange of genetic material -produces recombinant chromosomes -contribute to genetic variation |
| independent assortment | -random orient along chromosome plate in metaphase 1 -each orients with maternal or paternal towards a given pole |
| sister chromosomes | -identical copies of a single replicated chromosome |
| law of independent assortment | -genes for one trait are not inherited with genes for another -only applies to genes far off one chromosome or on separate chromosomes -genetic variation results from random line up on metaphase plate |
| pedigree | -family trees that give visual of trait inheritance patterns |
| test cross | -used to determine if a gene is dominant or recessive -AA x aa |
| monohybrid cross | -cross between F1 hybrid -Bb x Bb |
| dihybrid cross | -cross between F1 looking at two traits -AaBb x AaBb |
| true breeding | -producing offspring of same variety over multiple generations |
| P generation | -parental generation -true bred |
| F1 generation | -hybrid offspring of P generation |
| F2 generation | -offspring of F1 generation |
| dominant | -capital letters in punnett squares -trait that appears more frequently |
| recessive | -lowercase letters in punnett squares -trait that does not appear as frequently |
| homozygous | -identical alleles -AA or aa |
| heterozygous | -separate alleles for genes -Aa |
| genotype | -the alleles of an organism -determine phenotype |
| phenotype | -appearance of a trait -result of genotype |
| alleles | -all versions of a gene available to an organism |
| law of segregation | -gametes for each P generation contain one allele -true breeding plants contain identical alleles |
| degrees of dominance | -incomplete dominance, codominace, complete dominance, multiple alleles -each allele has varying level of dominance |
| complete dominance | -mendelian genetics -dominant trait control gene |
| incomplete dominance | -neither allele is fully dominant -F1 phenotype is a mix of parentals -ex:red and white = pink |
| codominance | -two alleles that affect phenotype are expressed -ex: AB blood type |
| multiple alleles | -genes exist to inform with 2+ alleles -ex; positive and negative blood type |
| epistasis | -phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus affects genes at another -ex: one gene for pigment, another for deposits |
| polygenic inheritance | -effect of 2+ genes on a phenotype |
| sex-linked genes | -gene on an X or Y chromosome |
| Y-linked gene | -genes on a Y chromosome -few genes, few disorders -only handed down through paternal side |
| X-linked gene | -genes on X chromosome -only through maternal side in boys, either side in girls |
| hemizygous | -a diploid organism that only has one copy of a specific pair of chromosomes -sex genes in men -more at risk for disease |
| barr body | -an inactivated X chromosomes condensed -regulates gene doses |
| genetic recombination | -production of offspring with a new gene combination |
| parental types | -parental phenotypes |
| recombinants | -different phenotypes from parental types |
| linked genes | -genes located near each or on the same chromosome -inherited together -show parental genes in 50% of offspring -sometimes separate in crossing over |
| unlinked genes | -genes on separate chromosomes or on separate sides of the same gene |
| parental phenotypes | - |
| linkage map | -genetic map based on recombination frequencies -measured by map units |
| map units | -distance between genes -one map is equivalent to 1% recombination frequency |
| chi-square | -statistical analysis used to compare results with expected results |
| null hypothesis | -a prediction you expect the data will match -what is tested |
| observed values | -values that are found in an experiment |
| expected values | -the values you expect to find in an experiment |
| phenotypic plasticity | -same genotype with different phenotype in different environments |
| mutated alleles | -cause disorders -a change in alleles |
| chromosomal changes | -cause disorders -a change on a chromosome |
| nondisjunction | -failure of a gene to completely separate -karyotyping defect -ex: down syndrome |
| parental phenotypes | -linked genes show 50% in offspring |
| degrees of freedom | -represent the number of independent values in a dataset that are free to vary when estimating a statistical parameter |
| critical value | -a boundary point on a probability distribution that divides a graph into a "rejection region" and an "acceptance region" during hypothesis testing |
Created by:
26salisburb
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