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unit 7: evolution
ap bio unit seven: evolution and natural selection
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| population | -group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area -can interbreed fertile offspring -have a gene pool |
| microevolution | -a small change due to random occurrences -mutation and genetic drift, migration/gene flow, natural selection |
| gene pool | -a population's genetic makeup -all copies of every allele available -can be fixed |
| fixed allele | -only one allele of a gene -the more fixed alleles, the less genetic diversity |
| mutations | -result in genetic variation -slow in plants and animals, fast in prokaryotes -form new alleles -natural selection varies phenotypes |
| genetic variation | -variety of genes available in a gene pool -the more the better |
| genetic drift | chance that change in allele frequency from G1 to G2 -significant to small populations -leads to loss of variation -does not produce adaptations -bottleneck effect and founder effect |
| bottleneck effect | -a large population reduced by a nonselective disaster -some become overrepresented, underrepresented, or disappear -flood, famine, fire, hunting, hurricane |
| founder effect | -when individuals become isolated from large population and establish different gene pools -lose genetic diversity |
| gene flow | -transfer in/out of allies in population due to gametes -alleles transfer between populations |
| relative fitness | -measures an organism's impact of natural selection |
| directional selection | -shifts to an extreme |
| stabilizing selection | -moves toward the median |
| disruptive selection | -moves against the median |
| sexual selection | -explains unique traits -useless structures that animals choose in a mate -can be harmful to survival |
| hardy Weinberg equilibrium | -model used to assess what factors cause evolution -determines makeup if not evolving and compared to data for changes -must have no mutation, random mate, no natural selection, large population, and no gene flow |
| genetic diversity | -the amount of differences in a gene pool -the more genetic diversity, the better response to environmental change |
| extinction | -death of an entire species -low diversity puts species at risk |
| biogeography | -geographic distribution of species |
| descent with modification | -a method to describe evolution |
| natural selection | -process that states individuals with certain traits survive more -phenotypic variation in population increases or decreases fitness -environment causes selective pressures |
| selective pressures | -pressures from environment that affect natural selection |
| adaptations | -inherited character traits of organisms that enhance survival and reproduction |
| artificial selection | -when humans select desirable traits -domestication of plants and animals |
| competition | -affect what offspring will survive |
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26salisburb
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