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Final Exam biology

QuestionAnswer
What are the four primary tissue types? The four primary tissue types are Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues.
What is the pathway of food through the digestive system? The pathway of food is Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Anus.
What is the function of the pancreas? The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to aid in digestion.
What is the role of the liver? The liver produces bile, which helps in the digestion of fats.
What does the gallbladder do? The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.
What is the chemistry of the stomach? The stomach produces Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) and medications are used to inhibit it for acid reflux.
What is the pathway of urine formation? The pathway is Kidney → Renal Pelvis → Ureter → Urinary Bladder → Urethra.
What are the parts of a nephron? The parts of a nephron include the Glomerulus, Afferent/Efferent Arterioles, Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Nephron Loop, and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
What is external respiration? External respiration is the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood.
What is internal respiration? Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between systemic blood and the body's tissues or cells.
What is the difference between the pulmonary and systemic circuits? The pulmonary circuit carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation, while the systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
What is tubular reabsorption? Tubular reabsorption is the process by which the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) reclaims nutrients like glucose and amino acids back into the peritubular capillaries.
What are the main parts of a neuron? The main parts of a neuron include Dendrites, Cell Body (Soma), Axon Hillock, Axon, Schwann Cells (Myelin), and Axon Terminals.
What is resting membrane potential? Resting membrane potential is the 'charged' state of a neuron when it is not actively sending a signal.
What is depolarization? Depolarization is the loss of voltage across the neuron's membrane that triggers an action potential.
What is repolarization? Repolarization is the process of resetting the charge across the neuron's membrane after an action potential.
What are the ovarian and uterine cycles? The ovarian cycle involves events in the ovary, such as follicle development, while the uterine cycle involves changes in the endometrial lining.
When does ovulation occur? Ovulation occurs at Day 14 of the menstrual cycle and is triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH).
Where does fertilization typically occur? Fertilization typically occurs in the Fallopian tube, which is essential for viable implantation.
Where is the esophagus located and what is its role? The esophagus is located in a muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach and moves food from the mouth to the stomach.
Where is the stomach located and what is its role? The stomach is located in the upper left side of the abdomen, below the diaphragm, and stores food temporarily, turning it into a semi-liquid substance called chyme.
Where is the gall bladder located and what is its role? The gall bladder is a small sac located underneath the liver on the right side of the abdomen, storing and concentrating bile produced by the liver.
Where is the pancreas located and what is its role? The pancreas is located behind the stomach and stretches across the abdomen, producing digestive enzymes and insulin.
Where is the small intestine located and what is its role? The small intestine is a long coiled tube in the center of the abdomen that connects the stomach to the large intestine, serving as the main site of digestion and nutrient absorption.
Where is the large intestine located and what is its role? The large intestine frames the small intestine, forming a frame around it, and absorbs water and electrolytes while forming and storing solid waste.
Where are the rectum and anus located and what are their roles? The rectum is the final section of the large intestine, storing feces before elimination, while the anus is an opening at the end of the digestive tract that controls the release of feces through muscles called sphincters.
What substance do parietal cells in the stomach produce? Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid, creating an acidic environment in the stomach.
What causes heartburn? Heartburn is caused by acid from the stomach flowing back into the esophagus.
What does a proton pump inhibitor do? A proton pump inhibitor helps reduce the amount of acid your stomach makes.
How does baking soda calm an upset stomach? Baking soda can help by neutralizing the stomach's acid
What does bile do? Bile breaks down fats into small droplets.
What two vitamins are made in the large intestine and how are they made? The vitamins made in the large intestine are vitamin K and vitamins B12, B1, and B2, produced when beneficial bacteria ferment undigested food.
Where is the kidney located and what is its role? The kidney is a bean-shaped organ located in the back of the abdomen that filters waste and excess substances.
Where are the ureters located and what is their role? Ureters are thin tubes that run from the kidney to the bladder, transporting urine from the kidney to the bladder.
Where is the bladder located and what is its role? The bladder is a hollow organ in the pelvic area that stores urine until it is ready to leave the body.
Where is the urethra located and what is its role? The urethra runs from the bladder to the outside of the body and carries urine out of the body.
What are the main parts of a nephron? The main parts of a nephron include the afferent arteriole, collecting duct, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), efferent arteriole, glomerulus, nephron loop, peritubular capillaries, and proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
What mechanism causes alcohol consumption to lead to greater fluid loss/dehydration? Alcohol consumption inhibits the antidiuretic hormone, causing the kidneys to release water as urine instead of conserving it.
Created by: andytheroo13
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