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unit 4: cycle
ap bio unit four: cell communication and cell cycle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| homeostasis | -stable internal conditions -organisms detect and respond to stimulus -about balance -maintained through feedback loops |
| feedback loops | -negative and positive -receptor/sensor, stimulus, effector, response |
| positive feedback loops | -increases effect of stimulus -labor, blood clotting |
| negative feedback loops | -most common -reduces effect of stimulus -sweat, blood sugar, breathing |
| stimulus | -variable that causes a response in a feedback loop |
| effector | -muscle or gland that responds in a feedback loop |
| response | -increase or decrease in the effect of a stimulus in a feedback loop |
| disease | -when a body in unable to maintain homeostasis |
| centromere | -region on each sister chromatid where they are closely attached |
| histone | -protein that DNA wraps around to form nucleosomes |
| nucleosomes | -DNA wrapped around and bonded to proteins -strings become chromatin |
| chromatin | -strings of nucleosomes -after replication condensed into chromosome |
| chromosome | -condensed chromatin after replication -densely packed to assist division |
| kinetochore | -proteins attached to centromere that links sister chromatid to mitotic spindles |
| sister chromatids | -chromosome and its duplicated copy -joined together |
| genome | -all of a cell's genetic information |
| somatic cell | -body cells -a diploid -divide by mitosis |
| gamete cell | -reproductive cells -eggs and sperm -haploid -divide by meiosis |
| diploid (2n) | -two sets of chromosomes -one from each parent |
| haploid (n) | -one set of chromosomes |
| interphase | -longest portion of cell cycle (90%) -G1, S, G2 |
| G1 | -first stage of interphase -cell grows an d carries out normal function |
| S | -second stage of interphase -"synthesis" phase -DNA replication and chromosome duplication |
| G2 | -last stage of interphase -final growth and preperation |
| mitosis | -nucleus divides -in M phase -ends with two identical daughter cells -prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis |
| cytokinesis | -cytoplasm divides -in M phase -plant and animal |
| prophase | -first stage of mitosis -nucleoli disappear -mitotic spindle form -sister chromatid appear -centrosomes move away |
| prometaphase | -second stage of mitosis -nuclear envelope fragments -microtubules enter nuclear area and attach to kinetochores |
| metaphase | -third stage of mitosis -microtubules attach to each kinetochore -centrosomes are at opposite poles -chromosomes line up at metaphase plate |
| anaphase | -fourth stage of mitosis -cell elongates -sister chromatids separate by microtubules separating -move to opposite ends of cell |
| telophase | -two daughter nuclei form -nucleoli reappear -chromosomes become less condensed |
| plant cytokinesis | -vesicles from golgi travel to middle of cell to form cell plate |
| animal cytokinesis | -cleavage furrow appears |
| cleavage furrow | -appears during cytokinesis in animals -because of contractile ring of actin filaments |
| cell plate | -appear in plant cytokinesis -formed by vesicles traveling from vesicles to middle of cell |
| cyclins | -proteins that have varying concentrations -synthesized and degraded at specific stages of cell cycle |
| cyclin-dependent kinesis (CDK) | -enzymes that concentration remains constant -only become active when cyclin is present |
| benign | -abnormal cell that is not cancerous -cells that are only within a within the tumor |
| malignant | -mass of cancer that lose anchorage and leave tumor -cells leave by metastasis |
| metastasis | -when cells separate from tumor and spread to body -how a tumor becomes malignant |
| apoptosis | -cell death -eliminates damaged cells |
| direct contact | -communicating through cell junctions -uses signaling substances -animal cells use gap junctions -plant cells use plasmodesmata |
| signaling substances | -material dissolved into cytoplasm pass freely between adjacent cells |
| local regulators | -secreting cell releases chemical messages that travel short distances through extracellular fluid -causes response in target cell -paracrine and synaptic signaling |
| paracrine signaling | -secretory cells release local regulators via exocytosis to adjacent cell |
| synaptic signaling | -occurs in animal nervous system -neurons secrete neurotransmitters diffused across the synaptic cleft |
| long distance signaling | -animals and plants use hormones for long distance signaling -plants release hormones that travel in plant vascular tissue or air to reach targets -animals use endocrine system |
| endocrine signal | -specialized cells to release hormones into circulatory system -reaches target cells |
| signaling | -reception, transduction, response |
| reception | -when ligand binds to receptor (conformational change) -allows receptor to interact with other cellular molecules |
| receptors | -acts in reception after bind to from ligand when it interacts with other molecules -be in plasma membrane or intracellular |
| ligand | -binds to receptor in reception |
| transduction | -conversion of extracellular signal to intracellular signal -brings response -requires a series of changes (signal transduction pathway |
| signal transduction pathway | -a series of changes required for target cell to get signal -regulates protein activity with protein kinase and protein phosphatase -influence how a cell responds to environment -results in change in gene expression and cell function |
| protein kinase | -phosphorylation (adding phosphate) to regulate protein activity in STP |
| protein phosphatase | -dephosphorylation (remove phosphate) to regulate protein activity |
| second messenger | -small, non-protein ions that help relay message in STP and amplify the response |
| response | -final molecule in STP -converts signal to response that altars a cellular process |
| GPCRs | -most common is G protein coupled receptors -important for animal sensory systems -inactive until ligand bonds to site -G protein binds, activates both, GDP to GTP |
| ion channels | -in plasma membrane -for nervous system -receptors act as gate for ions -ligand opens and closes for cellular response |
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26salisburb
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