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unit 3: energetics
ap bio unit three: cellular energetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| autotroph | -organisms that produce their own food from simple substances in surroundings -organic molecules |
| heterotroph | -organisms unable to make their own food -rely on other organisms |
| chloroplast | -organelle that does photosynthesis |
| mesophyll | -interior leaf tissue -"muscle" |
| stomata | -pores in plants -allow CO2 in and O2 out |
| stroma | -aqueous internal fluid |
| thylakoid | -form grana stacks |
| electromagnetic spectrumum | -entire wavelength spectrum -from 380 nm to 750 nm |
| pigments | -absorb visible light -what color is seen is what is reflected |
| chlorophyll | -type of pigment -a and b -have carotenoids |
| chlorophyll a | -primary pigment -involved in light reactions -blue/green |
| chlorophyll b | -accessory pigment |
| photo protection | -carotenoid absorb and dissipate excess light energy that can damage chlorophyll -protects the plant |
| photosystem 1 | -reaction center P700 -absorbs light at 700 nm |
| photosystem 2 | -reaction center P680 -absorbs light at 680 nm |
| ATP synthase | -couples diffusion of H+ to formation of ATP |
| plastoquinone (PQ) | -brings H+ into cytochrome complex -follows PS2 -utilizes electrons from PS2 |
| cytochrome complex | -brings H+ into cell for hydrogen gradient -passes electrons to PC from PQ |
| plastocyanin | -passes electrons from cytochrome complex to PS1 |
| primary acceptor | -in photosystems -excites electrons |
| ferredoxin (FD) | -take electrons from PS1 to NADP+ reductase |
| NADP+ reductase | -use electrons from Fd to combine NADP+ with H+ to create NADPH |
| RuBP | -beginning molecule in Calvin cycle -5 carbons with 2 phosphates |
| Rubisco | -added molecule into to RuBP -adds a sixth carbon into cycle -creates unstable carbon, which breaks -enzyme that preforms fixation |
| 3-phosphoglycerate | -unstable RuBP broken in half -three carbons and one phosphate |
| 1,3-biphosphyglycerate | -three carbons with phosphates on carbons 1 and 3 -3-phosphoglycerate with extra phosphate |
| G3P | -a type of sugar utilized by cells -1 G3P is the net gain |
| NADP+/NADPH | -NADPH reduced and exported as NADP+ |
| ATP/ADP | -ATP reduced to ADP and exported |
| C3 adaptation | -CO2 is used in Calvin cycle -Calvin cycle happens in mesophyll -still gets 1 G3P -regenerates RuBP |
| C4 adaptation | -Calvin cycle in mesophyll -pulled into bundle sheath (a second cell) |
| CAM adaptation | -in mesophyll cell -opens at night, closed at day due to heat |
| photorespiration | -on hot days plants might close stomata to prevent water and O2 loss |
| carotenoids | -fat soluble natural pigments in plant cells |
| bundle sheath cells | -cells that assist in structural support |
| catabolic | -releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simple compounds -"break" |
| anabolic | -consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler compounds -"build" |
| energy types | -kinetic, thermal, potential, and chemical |
| kinetic energy | -association with motion -thermal energy |
| thermal energy | -movement of atoms or molecules -type of kinetic energy |
| potential energy | -stored energy -chemical energy |
| chemical energy | -available for release in chemical reaction -form of potential energy |
| active site | -where an enzyme binds to create a reaction |
| exergonic | -releases cellular energy -does not require energy to preform -ex: cellular respiration |
| endergonic | -absorb energy -reactions that need energy -ex: photosynthesis |
| ATP | -adenosine triphosphate -molecule used as energy by breaking phosphate bonds in hydrolysis -uses exergonic and endergonic reactions to power cells -phosphorylation |
| phosphorylation | -when a released phosphate moves to another molecule to give it energy |
| substrate | -when an enzyme acts on reactant |
| induced fit | -enzymes change shape of active site to allow substrate to bind |
| substrate-enzyme complex | -when an active site is open, causing substrates to bind with weak interactions -substrates are converted to products -products are released |
| inhibitor | -competitive, non-competitive, feedback -reduce specific enzymes -permanent or reversible |
| competitive inhibitor | -reduces enzyme activity by blocking substances from binding to active site -can be reversed with substrate |
| non-competitive inhibitor | -binds to allosteric site -changes shape of active site -aka allosteric inhibition |
| feedback inhibitor | -end product of metabolic pathway can act as inhibitor to early enzyme in same pathway |
| coenzyme | -organic cofactors -ex: vitamins |
| cofactor | -non-protein molecules that assist reactions -bound loose or tight -inorganic |
| denature | -a shape change in a enzyme's active site that hinders reaction -can be caused by not being in optimal temperature, pH |
| allosteric site | -a regulatory site where enzymes can bind aside from the active site -on allosteric site |
| glycolysis | -starting point of cellular respiration in cytosol -splits 6C glucose, ends with 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, 2 ATP -energy investment and energy payoff |
| energy investment | -first stage in glycolysis -gain 2 ATP -uses ATP to phosphorylate glucose compounds |
| energy payoff | -second glycolysis stage -energy produced by substrate level phosphorylation |
| citric acid cycle | -Acetyl CoA releases to CO2 -ATP gets synthesized and electrons transfer to NADH and FADH -aka krebs cycle - |
| electric transport chain (ETC) | -located in inner membrane of mitochondria -a collection of proteins where electrons fall and alternate reduced and oxidized state -indirectly produces ATP -creates protein gradient across membrane to power chemiosmosis |
| pyruvate oxidation | -when oxygen is present pyruvate enters the mitochondria -pyruvate oxidizes into Acetyl CoA (2) with 2 NADH and 2 CO2 |
| oxidative phosphorylation | -electron transport chain and chemiosmosis -10 molecules of and 2 FADH2 lead to 26-28 ATP |
| chemiosmosis | -H+ ions flow through ATP synthase as a rotor to go down gradient (turns ADP to ATP) -1 glucose for 26-28 ATP |
| pyruvate | -created in energy investment (glycolysis) from glucose |
| acetyl CoA | -receive 2 Acetyl CoA in pyruvate oxidation -used to make CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP in krebs cycle |
| ATP synthase | -enzyme that forms ATP -uses energy from H+ gradient across membrane -ADP plus P |
| NADH | -2 created in glycolysis, 2 from pyruvate oxidation, 6 from krebs cycle, and then used to make ATP |
| FADH2 | -2 created in citric acid cycle to make ATP |
| anaerobic respiration | -generates ATP in ETC without oxygen -final acceptors are sulfates and nitrates -prokaryotic organisms that live in environments without oxygen |
| fermentation | -generates ATP without ETC extension of glycolysis -alcohol and lactic acid |
| alcohol fermentation | -pyruvate is converted into ethanol |
| lactic acid fermentation | -pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactase -muscles use when they run out of oxygen to continue producing ATP |
| final electron acceptor | -the final enzyme that accepts electrons in an ETC |
Created by:
26salisburb
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