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Chapter6 vocab pt. 1
Chapter 6 "Tour of the Cell" Part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| actin | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. |
| basal body | A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole. |
| cell fractionation | The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation. |
| cell wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. |
| central vacuole | A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. |
| centriole | A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division. |
| centrosome | Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center. |
| chloroplast | An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. |
| chromosome | A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. See chromatin. |
| cilium | A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane. |
| collagen | A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom. |
| contractile vacuole | A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell. |
| crista | (plural, cristae) An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. |
| cytoplasm | The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane. |
| cytoplasmic streaming | A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells. |
| cytoskeleton | A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions. |
| cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. |
| desmosome | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as an anchor. |
| dynein | A large contractile protein forming the side-arms of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella. |
| electron microscope (EM) | A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. |
| endomembrane system | The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions |
| eukaryotic cell | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals; also called eukaryote. |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides |
| fibronectin | A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix. |
| flagellum | plural, flagella) A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function. |
| food vacuole | A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis. |
| gap junction | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells. |
| glycoprotein | A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate. |
| Golgi apparatus | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| granum | (plural, grana) A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| integrin | A receptor protein built into the plasma membrane that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. |
| intermediate filament | A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments. |
| light microscope (LM) | An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens |
| lysosome | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. |
| microfilament | A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction. |
| microtubule | A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton. |
| middle lamella | A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells. |
Created by:
lauren lou
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