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unit 2: cells
unit 2: cell structure and function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| prokaryote | -bacteria and archaea -DNA in nucleoid, no nucleus -mostly small |
| eukaryote | -protists, fungi, and plants -DNA in nucleus -have membrane bound organelles |
| endomembrane organelles | -have a nuclear envelope -endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -golgi complex -lysosomes (plant only) -vesicles/vacuoles (plant only) -plasma membrane |
| energy organelles | -mitochondria -chloroplasts (plant only) |
| compartmentalization | -allows separate reactions to occur in separate areas -increases surface area -prevents interfering reactions |
| endosymbiont theory | -theory that explains similarity between mitochondria and chloroplasts have to prokaryotes -both have double membranes, ribosomes, can function alone, and circular DNA -prokaryotic cells became endosymbiotic (living in another cell) |
| photosynthesis | -special organelles called chloroplasts |
| thylakoids | -in the double membrane -membranous sacs that organize |
| grana | -light dependent reactions |
| cilia and flagella | -give cell motility to prokaryotes and single celled organisms |
| cellular metabolism | -a method of regulation of what goes in and out of a cell -size dependent -a cell too large is incapable of regulation |
| surface area/volume ratio | -SA (surface area)/V (volume) -SA: h x w x # of sides x # of boxes -V: h x w x L x # of boxes |
| amphipathic | -hydrophilic heads vs hydrophobic tails that form bilayer |
| phospholipid bilayer | -amphipathic -separates internal cell vs external environment -has selective permeability |
| selective permeability | -ability of membrane to regulate what substances enter and exit -hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails |
| fluid mosaic model | -model used to describe cell membrane structure -shows that the weak reactions between phospholipids is weak and fluid -cholesterol shows to maintain fluidity -mosaic showing several macromolecules together |
| integral proteins | -embedded into bilayer -go through bilayer, has to be amphipathic -aka transmembrane proteins |
| peripheral proteins | -not embedded to bilayer -loosely bonded to outer bilayer |
| glycoproteins | -carbohydrates bonded to proteins -most abundant |
| glycolipids | -carbohydrates bonded to lipids |
| plasmodesmata | -in plants -hole-like surfaces in cell wall filled with cytosol that connect nearby cells |
| passive transport | -diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
| diffusion | -spontaneous process from muscle movement -substances move from high to low -different rates of diffusion for different molecules |
| osmosis | -diffusion of water across membrane -crucial for maintaining water balance |
| facilitated diffusion | -diffusion of membranes through transport proteins |
| concentration/electrochemical gradient | -passive transport utilizes gradient -from low to high |
| transport proteins | -used in facilitated diffusion -increases diffusion for small ions, carbs, and water -channel vs carrier |
| channel proteins | -provide channels for molecules ions -channel is hydrophilic -many gated channels that only pass with stimulus |
| aquaporins | -specific channel protein for water |
| carrier proteins | -undergo conformational changes in order for substance to pass |
| active transport | -transport that requires energy due to going against concentration gradient -pumps, cotransport, exocytosis, or endocytosis |
| ATP | -adenosine triphosphate -an energy source used in active transport |
| exocytosis | -secretion of molecules using vesicles fused to the membrane -fuse by forming a bilayer -ex: nerve cells releasing neurotransmitters |
| endocytosis | -uptake of molecules from vesicles fused to membrane -phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated |
| phagocytosis | -engulfs that are digested by lysosomes -cell surrounds with psuedopodia -packages particles into food vacuole |
| pinocytosis | -non-specific uptake of extracellular fluid containing molecules -cell takes in dissolved molecules in protein coated vesicles -protein coat mediates transport |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | -specific uptake of molecules by solution binding to membrane receptors -allows large amounts of specific substance -cluster in coated vesicle taken to cell |
| electrogenic pumps | -generate voltage across membranes, used as energy source -sodium potassium pump, proton pump, membrane potential, cotransport |
| sodium potassium pump | -animal cells will regulate sodium and potassium concentration -3 sodium out, 2 potassium in -leaves positive net charge |
| proton pump | -plant, fungi, and bacteria -pumps hydrogen out of cell |
| cotransport | -coupling of favorable movement of one substance with unfavorable movement of another -plants use for sugar and amino acids |
| membrane potential | -unequal concentration of ions across membrane, results in electrical charge -cytoplasm relatively negative |
| tonicity | -ability of extracellular solution to cause loss/gain of water -isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic |
| osmoregulation | -cells must be able to regulate solutes and maintain water -animal and plant cells different |
| isotonic | -no net movement of water -diffuses in at same rate it is going out |
| hypertonic | -lose water to extracellular surroundings -concentration of solute is higher than in the cell -cells shrivel and die |
| hypotonic | -gain water from extracellular surroundings -concentration of solute lower outside of cell -cells gain water -animal cells burst, plant cells optimal |
| water potential | -physical property that predicts water direction -effects of solute concentration and pressure -high water potential to low -low solute to high solute -high pressure to low |
| kelvin formula | K=273+C |
| water potential formula | Y=Ys+Yp Y=water potential |
| solute potential formula | Ys=-iCRT |
| ionization constant | (-i) -# of particles formed in Ys=iCRT |
| molar concentration | (C) -in Ys=iCRT |
| pressure constant | (R) -in Ys=iCRT |
| pressure potential | -Yp in Y=Ys+Yp |
Created by:
26salisburb
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