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Bio Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stages of the cell cycle | interphase (g1, S, g2) mitotic phase (mitosis) g0 phase |
| stages of interphase | g1, S, g2 |
| function of g1 (interphase) | cell grows and functions |
| function of s (interphase) | DNA is replicated |
| function of g2 (interphase) | cell grows more and prepares for mitosis |
| cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm |
| mitosis | 1 cell divides to produce 2 new daughter cells |
| stages of mitosis | prophase metaphase anaphase telophase |
| prophase | chromosomes appear nuclear membrane disintegrates nucleus disappears spindle apparatus forms |
| metaphase | chromosomes line up at the center to form equatorial plate |
| anaphase | chromatids separate and move to opposite poles |
| telophase | chromosomes complete migration nuclear membrane forms chromosomes begin uncoiling nucleolus appears spindle apparatus disassembles |
| meiosis | cell division that reduces # of chromosomes by half |
| stages of meiosis | Meiosis I Meiosis II |
| Meiosis 1 | number of chromosomes is reduced in half crossing over event occurs independent assortment |
| crossing over event | exchange of genetic material during prophase I and meiosis I |
| independent assortment | alleles of 1 gene sorts and separates independent of the alleles of the other gene during meiosis I |
| Meiosis II | Separates sister chromatids to produce four unique haploid gametes. |
| mitosis: growth, tissue repair, asexual reproduction, produces 2 identical cells meiosis: produce gametes for sexual reproduction, produces 4 unique cells | meiosis vs mitosis |
| through crossing over events and independent assortment | how does meiosis increase genetic diversity? |
| chromatin | allows for DNA replication and transcription loose bundles of DNA and protein |
| chromosomes | separates genetic material into cells tight bundles of DNA and protein |
| anaphase 1 of meiosis | separates homologous chromosomes, reducing chromosome number by half to create genetically unique haploid cells |
| anaphase of mitosis | separates sister chromatids, resulting in identical diploid daughter cells |
| transcription | cell copies a specific gene's DNA sequence into a single-stranded RNA molecule (mRNA) |
| translation | cells build proteins using information from messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| locus | specific, fixed physical location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome |
| homologous chromosomes | pairs of matching chromosomes in a diploid cell, with one inherited from the mother and one from the father |
| alleles | different forms of the same gene |
| homozygous | inheriting same version of a gene from each parent (BB) |
| heterozygous | inheriting different version of a gene from each parent (Bb) |
| pheontype | expression of physical trait |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an individual |
| recessive | only shows up if both alleles are recessive |
| dominance | appears if only 1 allele is present in genotype |
| autosomes | non-sex chromosomes: chromosomes other than x and y |
| linked genes | genes that sit so close on the chromosome together that they are likely inherited together |
| sex chromosomes | X or Y chromosomes |
| XX (female) or XY (male) | how is gender determined in mammals |
| Law of Dominance | when an organism has 2 different alleles and 1 is expressed but not the other |
| Law of Segregation | when gametes are formed, the 2 alleles separate from each other into different gametes |
| Law of Independent Assortment | alleles of 1 gene will separate from each other independently of the alleles of another gene |
| mitosis: cells double meiosis: cells divide | what happens to chromosome number in a cell in mitosis and meiosis |
| species | all organisms that are genetically similar enough that they could breed and produce viable offspring |
| population | group of organisms of same species occupying an area at a specific time |
| sexual reproduction (meiosis) migration-coming into a pop mutation-random changes in DNA | factors that increase genetic variation of a population |
| natural selection | process in nature that results in survival of organisms that are best suited to their environment; "selects" most favorable combo |
| selection pressures | external environmental factors |
| selection pressures examples in nature | predation, resource availability, climate/weather, disease, sexual selection, human activity |
| gene pool | all genes of all individuals in a species/population |
| mutation and migration | how are new genes introduced to a gene pool |
| speciation | new species arise from ancestral lineage |
| geographic isolation | isolation of a subpopulation from original population resulting in reproductive isolation |
| polyploidy | organism with less than 2 sets of chromosomes zygote doubles chromosome number nondisjunction during meiosis |
| happens through geographic isolation, sub population is exposed to different selection pressures, or polyploidy | what is the speciation process like |
| natural selection is evolution, all about survival of the fittest,changes in environment cause mutations individual organisms evolve species shown to be derived from other current species, alleles valuable to organism's survival will become dominant | assumptions of natural selection |
| divergent evolution | pattern where speciation events result in individuals becoming more different from each other |
| convergent evolution | organisms of different evolutionary backgrounds develop similar characteristics |
| natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow | what drives evolution |
| adaptive radiation | dramatic increase in development of new species from common ancestors |
| gradualism | change is gradual over long period of time |
| punctuated equilibrium | rapid change followed by little change |
| ecology | study of relationship between organisms and their environment |
| community | different populations of various species living and interacting within a specific habitat at the same time |
| ecosystem | system of living organisms that interact with each other and their physical environment |
| biome | large terrestrial ecosystems having distinct climate and living organisms |
| biosphere | global ecological system integrating all living organisms and their relationships including the elements |
| biotic | living components of ecosystem |
| abiotic | nonliving components of ecosystem |
| producers, consumers, decomposers | 3 main feeding groups in an ecosystem |
| producers in food chain | use photosynthesis to create energy to sustain themselves and give energy to other trophic levels |
| consumers in the food chain | transfer energy through ecosystems by eating other organisms |
| decomposers in the food chain | break down dead organic matter and waste and helps to recycle nutrients to keep the food chain going |
| herbivore | organisms that only eat plants |
| primary carnivore | eats the primary consumer (primary herbivores) |
| secondary carnivore | eats primary carnivores |
| autotroph | organism that creates it's own food |
| heterotroph | cannot produce it's own food and must obtain it from something else |
| biomass/energy pyramid | show how food and energy move through an ecosystem, with producers at the base and predators at the top |
| carnivore (tertiary) primary carnivores (secondary) herbivores (primary) producers | order of energy pyramid |
| food chain | single, linear path of energy flow |
| food web | network of interconnected food chains |
| producers, primary consumers, secondary/tertiary consumers, decomposers | path of energy in an ecosystem |
| in 1 direction | how does energy flow in ecosystems? |
| only 10% | how much energy is passed on to the next trophic level? |
| temperate deciduous forest | seasonal changes, mid-latitude northern hemisphere, deciduous trees w/ understory, moderate rainfall |
| temperate grassland | cold winters, hot summers, used for agriculture, 10-30 in rainfall, grasses and wildflowers, grazing animals, mid latitude deep within |
| Savanna | tropical grasslands w/ scattered woody vegetation, distinct wet/dray seasons, Central Africa, North Australia, parts of South America, many grazing animals |
| Mediterranean Shrubland | Mediterranean/SoCal, "wet" mild winter, hot dry summers |
| Deserts | dry, less than 10 in rain/year, hot summers, mild cold winters |
| Taiga (Boreal Coniferous Forest) | large biome, northern North America, Europe, Asia, long cold winters, conifers, poor biodiversity, numerous lakes/wetlands |
| tundra | no trees, short vegetation, cold climate, short growing season |
| Arctic tundra | high elevations-above tree line, lacks permafrost, receives more precipitation, small wildflowers, elk, mountain goats, sheep, rams |
| Subalpine Zone | mix of trees and meadows |
| Montane Coniferous Forest | mostly out west, cold winters, mild summers, conifers, fewer species than deciduous, climate/vegetation change w/ elevation, bears, deer, squirrels, etc |
| temperate rain forest | Pacific Northwest, mild weather, abundant rain, coniferous forest, lush understory |
| tropical dry forest | warm temp year round, distinct seasonal rainfall, broadleaf trees, many trees drop leaves during dry period, central and South America, Africa, India, and Australia |
| tropical rain forest | near equator, abundant rainfall, high temp, broadleaf evergreen trees, greatest # of species, orchids, ferns, epiphytes, many insects and primates |
| marine | more than 3.5% salt |
| estuary | where salt water meets freshwater; between .05% and 3.5% salt |
| freshwater | less than .05% salt |
| succession | process of changing from 1 type of community to another over time |
| primary succession | occurs in areas where no life previously existed |
| secondary succession | occurs in areas where life previously existed |
| climax community | final, relatively stable, self-maintaining community continuous and worldwide |
| niche | role of an organism in the ecosystem |
| habitat | type of place where organisms live |
| competitive exclusion principle | no 2 species can occupy the same niche at the same time indefinitely |
| predation | capture, kill, and eat |
| parasitism | organism living in or on another (host) at its expense |
| mutualism | relationship where both members benefit |
| commensalism | relationship where 1 benefits and the other is neither named nor benefitted |
| competition | members compete for food and shelter |
| symbiosis | organisms live together in close physical association |
| generalists | can thrive in various environments |
| specialists | thrive in very specific environments |
| ectoparasite | live on hosts surface/skin |
| endoparasite | live inside the host |
| vector | feeds on host, transmits pathogen, mosquitoes, ticks, etc |
| host | hosts pathogen, harbors pathogen, humans, animals, plants |
| evaporation, transpiration, condensation, infiltration, surface runoff | hydrologic cycle order |
| evaporation | converts liquid water to gas vapor |
| transpiration | plants release water vapor into atmosphere through stoma |
| condensation | water vapor cools and changes back to liquid form |
| infiltration | precipitation or surface water soaks the ground or soil going down to the subsurface |
| surface runoff | transfers water from land back to oceans and lakes often transporting sediment with it and pollutants |
| carbon cycle | |
| nitrogen cycle | |
| phosphorus cycle | |
| gene frequency | how often an allele shows up in a population |
| age distribution | proportion of individuals at different ages within a population |
| population density | # of individuals in a population |
| population distribution | arrangement or spacing of individuals of a species within a specific habitat at a given time |
| sex ratio | males to females in a population |
| population growth curve | represents change in population growth over time |
| carrying capacity | max # of individuals an ecosystem can sustain |
| resources, environment, pop. dynamics, interaction, environmental resistance | what determines carrying capacity in ecosystem? |
| limiting factors | anything that can restrict the size of a population |
| density dependent factors | affect the population in proportion to its size |
| density independent factors | affect the population in same proportion |
| extrinsic factors | factors outside population |
| intrinsic factors | factors within a population |
Created by:
auweb921
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