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Biopsychology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is psychological science? | The study of mind and behavior |
| What is the goal of biopsychology | Examine brain-behavior relationships |
| What does neuropsychology examine? | In a-typical or disordered brain-behavior relationships |
| What is the Mind-Brain paradox? | How does the brain produce the mind? |
| What is the belief of dualism? | Mind and brain are completely separate |
| What is the current understanding on the mind-brain paradox? | The mind is the manifestation of brain activity |
| How do genes interact with psychological traits? | Almost all psychological traits have a polygenic predisposition |
| Which two neuron structures are considered the "input zone"? | The cell body and dendrites |
| What is the purpose of the axon hillock? | It converts the chemical signal into a local potential |
| What do the terminal buttons on a neuron do? | They release neurotransmitters after receiving an action potential |
| Where is the synapse on a neuron? | It is the gap between two neurons |
| How does the bilayer membrane of a neuron work? | The membrane is semi-permeable, meaning ions can only enter/exit through channels |
| How does the axon hillock create an action potential? | By summating all of the local potentials |
| What causes a local potential to occur? | Negative or positive ions entering the neuron |
| Which ion channels are open or passive? | Potassium (K+) channels |
| How are sodium (Na+) channels voltage-gated? | It takes the neuron reaching a certain voltage to open the channels |
| How do local potentials create an action potential? | Local potentials decrease as they travel through the axon but eventually reach the axon hillock |
| What is the duty of the Sodium-Potassium pump? | Pushing 3 Na+ out in exchange for 2 K+ in |
| How does diffusion in a neuron work? | K+ can evenly diffuse while Na+ can not |
| What does diffusion mean? | The tendency for the same type of ion to be evenly spread within a space |
| What is electrostatic pressure? | The tendency for ions of same charge to repel and opposites attracting |
| How does electrostatic pressure affect neurons? | Both Na+ and K+ are attracted to negative interior, but only K+ is able to enter, leaving Na+ to build along the outside |
| What is the resting potential of a neuron? | "At rest" means being at -70mV |
| What is the threshold for an action potential to generate? | Local potentials must increase the voltage to -50mV |
| What is unique about primate brains that non-primate brains don't have? | Our neurons don't change size depending on the size of the brain unlike rodents |
| What is specifically unique about the human brain vs. other primate brains? | Humans have more neurons and a larger cerebral cortex |
| What is a part of the central nervous system? | The Brain and spinal cord, along with all of the neurons in them |
| What is a part of the peripheral nervous system? | The nerves outside of the CNS |
| What is the difference between gray matter and white matter? | Gray matter makes up the cerebral cortex and is made up of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons |
| What makes up the Frontal Lobe? | The pre-frontal cortex, Broca's area, and precentral gurus/primary motor cortex |
| What is the pre-frontal cortex responsible for? | Reasoning, working memory, and decision making |
| What is the difference between Broca's area and Wernicke's area? | Broca's area is responsible for speech and Wenicke's is language comprehension |
| What is something that helps with learning our voluntary movement? | The Motor Homunculus, which shows the size of the body relative to how much surface area it takes up |
| What makes up the Parietal Lobe? | The postcentral gyrus/primary somatosensory area |
| What does the postcentral gyrus do? | It is how we feel touch/pain, temperature and texture |
| What makes up the Temporal Lobe? | The auditory cortex, Wernicke's area; superior and inferior temporal gyrus |
| What is the difference between the superior and inferior temporal gyruses? | The superior temporal gyrus processes sound perception and language comprehension and the inferior gyrus |
| What is unique about primate brains that non-primate brains don't have? | Our neurons don't change size depending on the size of the brain unlike rodents |
| What is specifically unique about the human brain vs. other primate brains? | Humans have more neurons and a larger cerebral cortex |
| What is a part of the central nervous system? | The Brain and spinal cord, along with all of the neurons in them |
| What is a part of the peripheral nervous system? | The nerves outside of the CNS |
| What is the difference between gray matter and white matter? | Gray matter makes up the cerebral cortex and is made up of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons |
| What makes up the Frontal Lobe? | The pre-frontal cortex, Broca's area, and precentral gurus/primary motor cortex |
| What is the pre-frontal cortex responsible for? | Reasoning, working memory, and decision making |
| What is the difference between Broca's area and Wernicke's area? | Broca's area is responsible for speech and Wenicke's is language comprehension |
| What is something that helps with learning our voluntary movement? | The Motor Homunculus, which shows the size of the body relative to how much surface area it takes up |
| What makes up the Parietal Lobe? | The postcentral gyrus/primary somatosensory area |
| What does the postcentral gyrus do? | It is how we feel touch/pain, temperature and texture |
| What makes up the Temporal Lobe? | The auditory cortex, Wernicke's area; superior and inferior temporal gyrus |
| What is the difference between the superior and inferior temporal gyruses? | The superior gyrus processes sound perception and language comprehension and the inferior gyrus processes object recognition |
| What is the role of the Occipital Lobe? | Visual perception, identifying color, shapes, and if something is moving |
| __ pairs of spinal nerves consists of dorsal and ventral segments, which do what? | 31; dorsal controls somatosensation (touch/pain) and ventral controls motor |
| Describe what Acetylcholine does in the CNS and PNS. | In the CNS, Ach supports learning/memory in the hippocampus; in the PNS, Ach allows for muscles to contract |
| What does Serotonin (5-HT) play a major role in? | Mood, sleep, and appetite; 90% is in our gut |
| How does dopamine underlie drug dependency and addiction? | People keep chasing the rewarding pleasurable feeling that dopamine gives them |
| What else does dopamine affect? | Motor control within the CNS within the brain |
| What does Glutamate assist in? | Learning and memory, similar to dopamine |
| What NT do most EPSPs occur from? | Glutamate |
| What NT makes up sedatives? | GABA |
| How does GABA prevent the neuron from being excited all the time? | It dampens the excitatory local potentials from glutamate |
| How are the two types of receptors similar and dissimilar? | Both are ligand-gated; ionotropic has ion channels, and metabotropic don't, instead having G-proteins |
| How do we distinguish parts of the brain that are in the front vs. back of the body? | Anterior, being front and posterior, being the back |
| How does exocytosis affect the synaptic transmission? | Due to the influx of calcium, the NT vessels migrate to the edge of the terminal button |
| What are the three ways a NT can be cleared? | They can be recycled, broken down, or bind to autoreceptors |
| Explain the network that handles addiction | The mesolymbic dopamine network contains the top 2 spots of dopamine in our brain, the ventral tagmental area and nucleus accumbens. |
| What are the two components of the outer ear? | The pinna which captures sounds and the ear canal which funnels and amplifies sounds |
| After capturing a sound, how is the middle ear similar to a timpani? | The sounds strike the tympanic membrane (ear drum) |
| How do the three ossicles of the inner ear allow sounds to reach the cochlear canal? | The hammer, anvil, and stirrup work together to press into the 3 fluid-filled canals (cochlea) |
| How are hair cells related to synaptic transmission? | Hair cells have mechanically-gated channels but still require calcium and potassium to produce EPSPs |
| Explain the difference between the two types of free nerve endings. | A-delta is responsible for quick, "acute" pain and C-Fiber is the long, dull pain |
| Which imaging method would be useful in ONLY seeing the brain structure, not the function? | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| How is the stereotaxis instrument used on a rat? | A researcher uses it to position a scalpel at a correct position and depth |
| Which functional human biopsychology technique has the highest temporal resolution? | Electroencephalography |
| What part of free nerve endings responds to extreme temperatures? | Nociceptors |
| How does sensory input get to the brain? | It ascends the spinothalamic tract to reach the brain |
| The final synapse before the touch information reaches the outer cortex for perception is located where? | In the thalamus |
| Explain our endogenous control of pain. | The periaqueductal gray, a descending pathway, releases endorphins to inhibit Substance P |
| What typically begins the evaluation of a possible psychological disorder? | Evaluating the client's main concerns for seeking behavioral health care |
| What is an example of a Serotonin Norepinepherine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)? | Cymbalta |
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